Inter‐annual changes of alpine inland lake water storage on the Tibetan Plateau: Detection and analysis by integrating satellite altimetry and optical imagery

The effects of climate change have a substantial influence on the extremely vulnerable hydrologic environment of the Tibetan Plateau. The estimation of alpine inland lake water storage variations is essential to modeling the alpine hydrologic process and evaluating water resources. Due to a lack of historical hydrologic observations in this remote and inaccessible region, such estimations also fill a gap in studies on the continuous inter‐annual and seasonal changes in the inland lake water budget. Using Lake Siling Co as a case study, we derived a time‐series of lake surface extents from MODIS imagery, and scarce lake water level data from the satellite altimetry of two sensors (ICESat/GLAS and ENVISAT RA‐2) between 2001 and 2011. Then, based on the fact that the rise in lake water levels is tightly dependent on the expansion of the lake extent, we established an empirical model to simulate a continuous lake water level dataset corresponding to the lake area data during the lake's unfreezing period. Consequently, from three dimensions, the lake surface area, water level and water storage variations consistently revealed that Lake Siling Co exhibited a dramatic trend to expand, particularly from 2001 to 2006. Based on the statistical model and lake area measurements from Landsat images since 1972, the extrapolated lake water level and water storage indicate that the lake has maintained a continual expansion process and that the cumulative water storage variations during 1999–2011 account for 66.84% of the total lake water budget (26.87 km³) from 1972 to 2011. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

华北克拉通北缘三叠纪金矿床地质特征、物质来源与控制因素SCIEI北大核心CSCD

三叠纪是华北克拉通重要的成矿期,三叠纪金矿主要分布在华北克拉通北缘,构成一条近东西向延伸、长约1500km的金成矿带,其中包括乌拉山-大青山、张家口、冀东-辽西、青城子及夹皮沟等多个金矿集中区。华北克拉通北缘三叠纪金矿带的赋矿围岩主要为新太古代-中元古代变质岩系和中生代花岗岩类,金矿床以石英脉型矿化为主,伴随蚀变岩型矿化;中、西段金矿集中区矿化组合表现为金或金钼矿化,东段则以金多金属矿化为主。同位素年代学资料表明,该带金矿主要形成于晚三叠世(240~220Ma);流体包裹体特征表明,成矿流体具中温、低盐度、低密度特征,属于H_(2)O-NaCl-CO_(2)±CH_(4)体系,相分离作用可能是石英脉型金矿金沉淀的主要机制;氢-氧同位素组成进一步表明,成矿流体早期为岩浆水或变质水,后期混入了大气降水。矿石碳、硫、铅、氦-氩同位素及金矿集中区内成矿相关岩体的钕、铪同位素组成表明,华北克拉通北缘三叠纪金矿床的成矿流体和成矿物质均与壳-幔混合作用有关,其中,幔源物质及流体的贡献与区域三叠纪岩浆活动有关,壳源组分的贡献主要来自前寒武纪变质围岩。金矿床形成的构造背景整体上与中亚造山带造山后伸展作用有关:晚三叠世,华北北缘受中亚造山带碰撞后伸展作用的影响,发生岩石圈首次减薄事件,同时发育多条深大断裂及碱性花岗岩-碱性岩的侵入活动,为大规模区域金矿的形成提供了优越条件。金矿带的东段可能同时受扬子克拉通与华北板块碰撞作用的影响,是造成其与中、西段金矿集中区成矿特征有一定差异的主因。     

仿生自补偿一体式高胎体孕镶金刚石取心钻头研究

针对孕镶金刚石钻头齿间相互独立,在坚硬地层中钻进极易产生打滑和单齿受力太大导致钻头损坏的难题,引入仿生爪趾结构原理和自补偿理念,研制了仿生自补偿一体式高胎体孕镶金刚石取心钻头。钻头的一体式切削齿设计,主要在单齿的齿单元间采用加强筋方式强化单齿强度,单齿与单齿间设置齿间加强筋加强,使得钻头相邻齿单元、相邻单齿间相互连接形成一个整体,在钻进过程中,钻头齿的工作唇面会产生多个超过岩石极限破坏强度但远低于钻头胎体强度的应力集中区域,不容易出现少数几个接近或超过钻头胎体强度的应力集中区域的情况。如此,钻头的整体性更好,受力均匀,切削岩石的效率更高,寿命更长,尤其对于坚硬地层,防打滑效果更好。经现场试验表明：仿生自补偿一体式高胎体孕镶金刚石取心钻头较常规钻头具有更高的碎岩效率和更长的使用寿命。     

沉积型铝土矿原位溶浸技术可行性分析及开采设想

沉积型铝土矿是我国主要的铝土矿类型,经过几十年的开发,储采比逐渐下降,深部难动用资源的绿色开发迫在眉睫. 通过开展静态溶浸实验和电极加热仿真模拟,结合原位溶浸技术在铀矿和稀土矿开采中的成功经验,总结出该技术在固体矿产开采中应用的适用条件包括:矿物可溶性、矿体分布稳定性、顶底板条件、矿体渗透性. 我国北方铝土矿资源与以上条件切合程度高,适合采用原位溶浸技术进行开采. 本次研究还提出了沉积型铝土矿原位溶浸开采的工艺方案,为下一步开展先导试验提供了设计思路.     

川滇黔相邻区古陆相沉积型稀土的发现及意义

文章报道了一种在川滇黔相邻区新发现的古陆相沉积型稀土矿床。稀土矿体赋存在二叠系峨眉山玄武岩之上,上二叠统宣威组底部,含矿建造为一套以高岭石及伊利石为主的黏土岩建造,分布广泛,连续性好,稀土氧化物TREO平均品位0.39%,最高可达1.60%。岩相古地理条件及地球化学特征显示,稀土元素源自西侧剥蚀区,经搬运-沉积-改造后富集;赋存状态方面,古陆相沉积型稀土除独立矿物态（<1%）,类质同象态（<1%）和离子吸附态（0.02%~24%）外,75%以上的稀土元素以纳米矿物颗粒的形态被“束缚”在黏土矿物层状结构中;稀土元素配分曲线图显示其高价值关键稀土元素镨、钕、铽、镝占比累计达23.34%;通过短流程的选冶一体化工艺技术,全元素稀土浸出率达到90%以上,综合回收率达80%以上。这一新类型稀土资源具有极大的开发利用前景,有望成为中国新的关键稀土元素来源。     

定量表征河流砂颗粒的形状——在西藏帕隆藏布的尝试

河流搬运体系中,颗粒的形状属性可以反映其来源、搬运、沉积的过程。长期以来沉积学界缺乏相对统一的定量的、多维的颗粒形状参数。本研究以西藏雅鲁藏布江支流帕隆藏布为例,运用图像分析、软件分析等计算机辅助技术,对8个天然河流砂样品中的2276个颗粒开展碎屑成分鉴定和形状参数量化等工作。重点评估了11个颗粒形状参数,通过因子分析等统计方法提取并定义了3个形状信号,包括圆形度因子、规则度因子和平滑度因子。这些参数可用于表征颗粒宏观形状上接近圆形的程度、中观尺度上轮廓规则的程度及轮廓平滑的程度。挖掘天然河流砂的重要形状特征后,进一步探索了这些形状参数与颗粒成分、粒度的关系。本研究成果为解释河流系统中颗粒的形状信号、理解颗粒自身微观属性和外部物理过程等提供重要借鉴。     

基于控制区间牵引算法的地下施工变形预测

变形是地下结构施工安全状态的重要评价指标。针对数据驱动变形预测方法中地下施工动态影响因素难以量化这一问题,提出了基于控制区间牵引算法的地下施工变形预测模型。以双向长短时记忆网络（Bi-LSTM）对变形监测时间序列进行预测,以数值模拟在关键施工阶段处的结果为牵引点。根据实测值随阶段更新牵引点,并基于注意力机制双向长短时记忆网络（Bi-LSTM-AM）以牵引点修正数据驱动模型在控制区间的预测结果,实现更准确、更智能的地下施工变形预测。设置牵引相对权重,使模型可自适应判断当前合理牵引程度,准确融合了Bi-LSTM与数值模拟的结果。通过相关历史案例与数据,验证了牵引预测模型的有效性。依托西安市西咸新区丰镐三路地下通道上跨地铁1号线自动化监测实例,采用牵引算法预测了地下结构变形。结果表明：在关键施工阶段处,牵引作用改善了数据驱动预测方法存在的滞后问题,各阶段误差平均降低了24.34%;不断优化的牵引点逐渐趋近真值,降低了数值模拟出现偏差时造成的影响。该方法可为地下施工变形预测问题提供新途径。     

Investigating the Transport Mechanism of PM2.5 Pollution during January 2014 in Wuhan,Central China

Severe haze pollution that occurred in January 2014 in Wuhan was investigated. The factors leading to Wuhan’s PM_2.5 pollution and the characteristics and formation mechanism were found to be significantly different from other megacities, like Beijing. Both the growth rates and decline rates of PM_2.5 concentrations in Wuhan were lower than those in Beijing, but the monthly PM_2.5 value was approximately twice that in Beijing. Furthermore, the sharp increases of PM_2.5 concentrations were often accompanied by strong winds. A high-precision modeling system with an online source-tagged method was established to explore the formation mechanism of five haze episodes. The long-range transport of the polluted air masses from the North China Plain (NCP) was the main factor leading to the sharp increases of PM_2.5 concentrations in Wuhan, which contributed 53.4% of the monthly PM_2.5 concentrations and 38.5% of polluted days. Furthermore, the change in meteorological conditions such as weakened winds and stable weather conditions led to the accumulation of air pollutants in Wuhan after the long-range transport. The contribution from Wuhan and surrounding cities to the PM_2.5 concentrations was determined to be 67.4% during this period. Under the complex regional transport of pollutants from surrounding cities, the NCP, East China, and South China, the five episodes resulted in 30 haze days in Wuhan. The findings reveal important roles played by transregional and intercity transport in haze formation in Wuhan.