Spatiotemporal variability in channel deformations on rivers of Russia

We assess the spatiotemporal changes in channel processes on rivers of Russia, determine the causes for vertical (incision or directional sediment accumulation) and horizontal (displacement of channel forms) deformations and show the distribution of stream channel of different morphodynamical types and with a different reconfiguration rate. The conditions are revealed, under which the channel types change over time. Particular emphasis is placed on the analysis of spatiotemporal changes in channels caused by anthropogenic disturbances and by direct technogenic interferences in the life of rivers (hydroelectric schemes, quarries in the river channels, and waterway dredging).     

Elastic anisotropy of ferromagnesian post-perovskite in Earth's D” layer

We report experimental observation of a sizable elastic anisotropy in a polycrystalline sample of ferromagnesian silicate in post-perovskite (ppv) structure. Using a novel composite X-ray transparent gasket to contain and synthesize ppv in a panoramic diamond-anvil cell along with oblique X-ray diffraction geometry, we observed the anisotropic lattice strain and {1 0 0} or {1 1 0} slip-plane texture in the sample at 140 GPa. We deduced the elasticity tensor (c_ij), orientation-dependent compressional wave velocities, polarization-dependent shear-wave velocities, and the velocity anisotropy of the silicate ppv. Our results are consistent with calculations and indicate that with sufficient preferred orientation, the elastic anisotropy of this phase can produce large shear-wave splitting.     

Sea‐level and ocean‐current control on carbonate‐platform growth,Maldives, Indian Ocean

Multichannel high‐resolution seismic and multibeam data were acquired from the Maldives‐isolated carbonate platform in the Indian Ocean for a detailed characterization of the Neogene bank architecture of this edifice. The goal of the research is to decipher the controlling factors of platform evolution, with a special emphasis on sea‐level changes and changes of the oceanic currents. The stacking pattern of Lower to Middle Miocene depositional sequences, with an evolution of a ramp geometry to a flat‐topped platform, reflects variations of accommodation, which here are proposed to be primarily governed by fluctuations of relative sea level. Easterly currents during this stage of bank growth controlled an asymmetric east‐directed progradation of the bank edge. During the late middle Miocene, this system was replaced by a twofold configuration of bank development. Bank growth continued synchronously with partial bank demise and associated sediment‐drift deposition. This turnover is attributed to the onset and/or intensification of the Indian monsoon and related upwelling and occurrence of currents, locally changing environmental conditions and impinging upon the carbonate system. Mega spill over lobes, shaped by reversing currents, formed as large‐scale prograding complexes, which have previously been interpreted as deposits formed during a forced regression. On a regional scale, a complex carbonate‐platform growth can occur, with a coexistence of bank‐margin progradation and aggradation, as well as partial drowning. It is further shown that a downward shift of clinoforms and offlapping geometries in carbonate platforms are not necessarily indicative for a sea‐level driven forced regression. Findings are expected to be applicable to other examples of Cenozoic platforms in the Indo‐Pacific region.     

SAR影像多项式正射纠正方法与实验

提出了一种针对SAR影像的多项式正射纠正法———引入投影差改正的多项式纠正法,并对ERS 2、RADARSAT和机载SAR影像进行了实验。引起SAR影像变形的因素很多,其中多数变形可以通过多项式纠正方法得到改正;但是,因高差引起的变形很难通过一般的多项式纠正方法进行改正。在本文中,先根据斜距和侧视角改正高差引起的投影差,然后用一般多项式纠正的方法改正其他因素引起的变形;重采样时则恰好相反,先根据多项式参数求得未受高差影响的像点坐标,然后加上投影差,从而获得真实的像点坐标。与其他正射纠正的方法相比,本文的方法非常易于实现,而且能够达到相当高的精度。根据以上原理,设计了相应的软件,并对云南大理一幅Radarsat的山区影像进行了纠正实验,控制点精度为2 2个像素;而采用一般多项式,使用同样的控制点,对这幅影像进行纠正,只能达到44 4个像素。另外,使用ERS 2影像和机载SAR影像进行了相应试验,结果类似于Radarsat影像的纠正。因此,本文提出的方法是有效、可行的,能适应地形起伏较大地区的SAR影像的几何校正。     

Airborne gravimetry used in precise geoid computations by ring integration

Two detailed geoids have been computed in the region of North Jutland. The first computation used marine data in the offshore areas. For the second computation the marine data set was replaced by the sparser airborne gravity data resulting from the AGMASCO campaign of September 1996. The results of comparisons of the geoid heights at on-shore geometric control showed that the geoid heights computed from the airborne gravity data matched in precision those computed using the marine data, supporting the view that airborne techniques have enormous potential for mapping those unsurveyed areas between the land-based data and the off-shore marine or altimetrically derived data. Received: 7 July 1997 / Accepted: 22 April 1998     

结构总体最小二乘估计理论的拓展及其应用研究EI北大核心CSCD

具有随机系数矩阵的高斯-马尔可夫(GM)模型被称为变量误差(EIV)模型,在均方误差意义下,总体最小二乘(TLS)估计得到的EIV模型参数估值优于最小二乘(TLS)估计,这种状况已引起测绘领域的极大关注,并成为多年来的热点问题之一。     

Semi-automatic delineation of badlands using contrast in vegetation activity: a case study in the lower Chambal valley,India

Population growth worldwide leads to an increasing pressure on the land. Recent studies reported that many areas covered by badlands are decreasing because parts of badlands are being levelled and converted into arable land. It is important to monitor these changes for environmental planning. This paper proposes a remote-sensing-based detection method which allows mapping of badland dynamics based on seasonal vegetation changes in the lower Chambal valley, India. Supervised classification was applied on three Landsat (Thematic Mapper) images, from 3 different seasons; January (winter), April (summer) and October (post-monsoon). Different band selection methods were applied to get the best classification. Validation was done by ground referencing and a GeoEye-1 satellite image. The image from January performed best with overall accuracy of 87% and 0.69 of kappa. This method opens the possibilities of using semi-automatic classification for the Chambal badlands which is so far mapped with manual interpretations only.     

附加历元间约束的滑动窗单频实时精密单点定位算法

针对同时估计电离层延迟导致的单频精密单点定位解算秩亏问题,提出了一种附加历元间约束的多历元递推算法。该算法根据无周跳时前后历元模糊度不变的特性,在每一组多历元联合数据解算时,每颗卫星只设置一个模糊度参数,不需要外部先验信息约束即可解决秩亏问题。另外,本文算法同时考虑了参数及观测值之间的时间相关性,采用附加约束的平方根信息滤波对部分参数进行历元间约束,克服多历元算法的病态性,提高了算法的可靠性。试验采用全球分布的15个IGS跟踪站14 d的数据,静态定位精度优于3 cm,仿动态解约为1.5 dm。与同时估计电离层延迟的单频PPP方法相比,收敛速度提高了24%,与双频无电离层组合PPP的收敛速度基本一致,定位精度提高了30%,高程分量定位精度提高更为明显。     

军民测绘标准融合方法研究

为了统筹军地资源,加强国防建设和经济建设,国家对军民融合的发展战略进行了统一部署。军民测绘标准融合是推动军民测绘事业发展的一项重要内容。通过梳理和对比分析现有军民测绘标准体系及其标准之间的相互关系,提出军民测绘标准融合的工作建议,从而为军民测绘标准融合工作的开展与实施提供参考。