利用卡洪山口科学研究钻孔中应力引起的钻孔崩落估计最大水平主应力值

本文我们利用钻孔岩样的力学性质,详细观察应力引起的钻孔崩落和由水压致裂实验估计的最小水平主应力值S_(kmin),构成了卡洪山口(Cajon Pass)钻孔直至3.5km深的最大水平主应力。S_(Hmax)的垂直剖面。正如基本上与所有其它的钻孔一样,卡洪山口钻孔的水压致裂应力测量得到的,最小水平主应力S_(hmin)数据比最大水平主应力S_(Hmax)的数据多得多(并且更加可靠)。为利用观察的井壁崩落约束S_(Hmax)的值,使用了由有效应变能准则得出的脆性破裂准则。这个破裂准则也允许我们考虑钻孔周围的三向应力,并考虑孔隙流体压力以不同方式对岩石强度的影响。比较从崩落估计出的S_(Hmax)剖面和从水压致裂实验得出的S_(Hmax)的估计值表明:当孔隙压力对水压致裂破裂起始的影响可以忽略时,它们相当符合。在这个钻孔中,直至3.5km深的总体应力状态相当于倾滑兼走滑断层型应力状态。最大水平主应力剖面有几个应力值显著减小的地方,它们与主要的断层带有关,这个结果和由水压致裂得出的最小水平主应力S_(kmin)剖面一致。     

冰芯所记录的环境变化及空间耦合特征

近年来，我们先后在青藏高原的古里雅冰帽、唐古拉冰川和希夏邦马地区钻。取了大量冰芯。在这些冰芯中保存着大量的环境变化信息。特别是反映沙暴、尘暴和浮尘等环境事件的尘埃冰志记录，是目前我们所能得到的记录最详细、分辨率最高和最连续的资料系列。青藏高原冰芯中尘埃指标显示，在气候变冷时，青藏高原的尘暴、沙暴和浮尘等事件出现的频率增多，强度增大；在气候变暖时，则尘暴、沙暴和浮尘等事件的频率减少，强度减小。目前，在青藏高原面上，正经历着气候变暖、环境改善的过程。     

Energetics Constraint for Linear Disturbances Development

In development of baroclinic disturbances, baroclinity of basic temperature field varies with conversion of available potential energy. The growth rate which depends on the baroclinity varies as well. However, in previous linear theories, the growth rate was considered constant, so development of disturbances was not constrained by energy sources in the linear theories. In terms of energy conservation and conversion in an isolated atmosphere, we may study the variations in the baroclinity and growth rate and draw the corresponding pictures of perturbation developments in the varying environments. The amplification for the most unstable Eady wave is discussed as an example. It will be found that growth of baroclinic perturbations constrained by energy conservation is significantly different from the growth at the initial constant rate after mature stage.     

Some Effects of Rotation Rate on Planetary-Scale Wave Flows

A series of experiments were performed in a rotating annulus of fluid to study effects of rotation rate on planeta-ry-scale baroclinic wave flows. The experiments reveal that change in rotation rate of fluid container causes variation in Rossby number and Taylor number in flows and leads to change in flow patterns and in phase and amplitude of quasi-stationary waves. For instance, with increasing rotation rate, amplitude of quasi-stationary waves increases and phase shifts upstream. On the contrary, with decreasing rotation rate, amplitude of quasi-stationary waves decreases and phase shifts downstream. In the case of the earth’s atmosphere, although magnitude of variation in earth’s rotation rate is very small, yet it causes a very big change in zonal velocity component of wind in the atmosphere and of currents in the ocean, and therefore causes a remarkable change in Rossby number and Taylor number deter-mining regimes in planetary-scale geophysical flows. The observation reveals that intensity and geographic location of subtropic anticyclones in both of the Northern and Southern Hemispheres change consistently with the variation in earth’s rotation rale. The results of fluid experiments are consistent, qualitatively, with observed phenomena in the atmospheric circulation.     

MODELING SEDIMENT PROCESSES ON SMALL WATERSHEDS: A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK Ⅱ. CONCENTRATED FLOW PROCESSES

L INTRODUCTIONThe purpose of this paper is to present a general modeling framework that can serveas a conceptual basis for developing sediment process models by concentrated flow systems on small watersheds. A survey of fundamental principles for developing sedimentprocess models is made with particular emphasis on the effects of space and time averaging on the governing equations. Starting from the most general one--dimensional,unsteady model of sediment processes, simpler model structur…     

氢在橄榄石中的溶解度

氢能够显著地影响岩石的物理性质,如岩石的流变等.它能赋存于通常不含水的矿物中,如上地幔的橄榄石.为了解上地幔的物理性质和地球化学过程,测量氢在橄榄石中的溶解度是非常重要的.在     

STANDARD ERRORS IN THE EIGENVALUES OF A CROSS-PRODUCT MATRIX:THEORY AND APPLICATIONS

New expressions are derived for the standard errors in the eigenvalues of a cross-product matrix by themethod of error propagation.Cross-product matrices frequently arise in multivariate data analysis,especially in principal component analysis (PCA).The derived standard errors account for the variabilityin the data as a result of measurement noise and are therefore essentially different from the standarderrors developed in multivariate statistics.Those standard errors were derived in order to account for thefinite number of observations on a fixed number of variables,the so-called sampling error.They can beused for making inferences about the population eigenvalues.Making inferences about the populationeigenvalues is often not the purposes of PCA in physical sciences,This is particularly true if themeasurements are performed on an analytical instrument that produces two-dimensional arrays for onechemical sample:the rows and columns of such a data matrix cannot be identified with observations onvariables at all.However,PCA can still be used as a general data reduction technique,but now the effectof measurement noise on the standard errors in the eigenvalues has to be considered.The consequencesfor significance testing of the eigenvalues as well as the usefulness for error estimates for scores andloadings of PCA,multiple linear regression (MLR) and the generalized rank annihilation method(GRAM) are discussed.The adequacy of the derived expressions is tested by Monte Carlo simulations.