北川地区擂鼓断裂在汶川地震中的地表破裂及其意义

2008年5月12日汶川MS8.0级特大地震发生后,在北川县擂鼓地区出露了一条擂鼓同震地表破裂带,该破裂带呈近南北向展布,位于映秀－北川断裂的中北段,其北东起于擂鼓镇柳林村北部,南西止于石岩村南部,以脆性破裂为特征,分别由3条呈北北东、北西西、北北东走向的地表破裂组成,延伸长度约4～5km,并切割了多种地貌单元,其平均垂直断距为1.5m,平均水平断距为1.4m,垂直与水平断距之比为1.07∶1。通过对该地表破裂带野外测量数据、几何展布结构及其成因机制的初步分析表明： 擂鼓断裂是出露于擂鼓地区的捩断层,具有捩断层的基本特性;其主要特征包括：1)擂鼓断裂的形成是由于在汶川地震中其东西两侧逆冲块体之间的差异性运动而引起; 2)断裂呈近南北向展布,与映秀－北川主干断裂近垂直相交;3)断面倾角较陡,为高角度断面的逆断层,具有逆冲兼走滑特征。     

汶川Ms8.0地震的地表破裂过程－－以都江堰八角庙村断层擦痕剖面为例

汶川MS8.0地震在龙门山断裂带造成了严重的地表破裂,但能反映地震地表破裂过程的现象却很少,四川省都江堰市虹口乡八角庙村有一处保存基本完好的断层擦痕剖面,是惟一能反映地震地表破裂过程的露头。剖面上可见两种侧伏产状相差很大的擦痕,我们利用全站仪和GPS对擦痕进行总体和细部的测量,结果表明,一种擦痕接近垂直,侧伏角在 76°～87°之间,另一种擦痕侧伏角相对较小,介于 32°～33°之间。利用擦痕侧伏角、断层面倾角、岩石内摩擦角进行求解断层主应力方位的赤平投影,结果表明发震断层的运动方式为逆冲兼右行走滑。通过分析对比,我们认为断层面上近水平方向的擦痕切割了近垂直方向的擦痕,据此将地震的地表破裂过程分为两个阶段。阶段Ⅰ断层运动以逆冲向上为主,阶段Ⅱ以右旋走滑为主,这个结论与地震波数据反演结果是一致的。其中,阶段Ⅰ由两个子事件组成; 第一个子事件断层以接近垂直的角度逆冲向上运动,运动方向为SW85°～87°; 第二个子事件断层的运动方向发生朝向NE方向的倾斜,运动方向为SW76°～80°,表明断层运动性质为逆冲兼少量的右旋走滑。阶段Ⅱ断层的运动方向为SW32°～33°,表明这一阶段断层运动以右行走滑为主,走滑分量大于逆冲分量。     

滇西北兰坪金顶可能的古油气藏及对铅锌大规模成矿的作用

滇西北兰坪中—新生代沉积盆地产有中国最大的铅锌矿床,巨量铅锌矿石集中产在金顶穹窿内,矿石中不同产状的干酪根、轻质原油、重油、烃类气、沥青等多种成熟形式的有机物质丰富。对矿区有机物质进行了岩相学、生物标志化合物、碳同位素及铅同位素分析,结果显示：有机物质中氯仿沥青“A”的质量分数为（72～395 415.42）×10^-6,w（饱和烃）/w（芳香烃）普遍大于1,饱和烃中检测出丰度较高的正构烷烃、Pr、Ph和iC18等生物标志化合物,烃源母质为藻类生物Ⅰ型有机质;相对于区域岩石,矿石中有机物质的有机转化率较低（0.5%～7.2%,平均为3.05%）,已明显受热而成熟;透射全色光和紫外光显微镜在矿石光薄片样品中鉴别出较多原油和烃类气体包裹体。研究表明：金顶穹窿具有油气成藏“生、运、储、盖、闭”等配套发育的良好条件,矿区油气显示和古油气藏遗迹明显,铅锌成矿前或成矿中可能已形成油气藏;这个可能的油气藏以富含原油、烃类和H2S等还原性气体为成分特征;金顶古油气藏中H2S等还原性气体的聚集及其导致铅锌硫化物快速集中沉淀是大规模成矿的关键,成藏—成矿是金顶穹窿中一个连续发生、发展的动力学过程,成藏是成矿的前提。     

10,000 years of climate control over carbon accumulation in an Iberian bog(southwestern Europe)

The northwest region of the Iberian Peninsula is home to a unique ecosystem of bogs,which are particularly sensitive to projected climate cha nge.In this context,the rate of carbon(C)accumulation in Chao de Veiga Mol.an intact raised bog,was analysed.Changes in the accumulation rate over the past10 millennia were determined in a peat core of 847 cm in depth,with a high mean rate of peat growth(11 yr cm^-1,0.09 cm yr^-1).An age-depth model was generated from 22 14C dates and fallout radionuclides.Chronological,stratigraphical and physico-chemical data confirmed the existence of a single cycle of peat formation throughout the Holocene and the formation of ombrotrophic peat 9500 years ago.The total mean C content was 50.2%,and over 10 millennia 583 kg C m^-2 accumulated at a mean rate of 35.3 g C m^-2 yr^-1,with a long-term(apparent)rate of carbon accumulation in the catotelm of59.9 g C m^-2 yr^-1.These values are much higher than reported for other Iberian peatlands and are amongst the highest documented for peatlands in the northern hemisphere.The dynamics of C accumulation and other measured parameters reveals important variations throughout the Holocene.They could be associated with the main climatic events described in the northern hemisphere and are highly consistent with models established for northern latitudes.The Chao de Veiga Mol raised bog is unique and of great potential value for carrying out high resolution palaeoenvironmental studies,especially in relation to regional and Iocal modulations in southern Europe.     

When will it end? Long-lived intracontinental reactivation in central Australia

The post-Mesoproterozoic tectonometamorphic history of the Musgrave Province, central Australia, has previously been solely attributed to intracontinental compressional deformation during the 580 -520 Ma Petermann Orogeny. However, our new structurally controlled multi-mineral geochronology results,from two north-trending transects, indicate protracted reactivation of the Australian continental interior over ca. 715 million years. The earliest events are identified in the hinterland of the orogen along the western transect. The first tectonothermal event, at ca. 715 Ma, is indicated by40 Ar/39 Ar muscovite and U e Pb titanite ages. Another previously unrecognised tectonometamorphic event is dated at ca. 630 Ma by Ue Pb analyses of metamorphic zircon rims. This event was followed by continuous cooling and exhumation of the hinterland and core of the orogen along numerous faults, including the Woodroffe Thrust,from ca. 625 Ma to 565 Ma as indicated by muscovite, biotite, and hornblende40 Ar/39 Ar cooling ages. We therefore propose that the Petermann Orogeny commenced as early as ca. 630 Ma. Along the eastern transect,40 Ar/39 Ar muscovite and zircon(Ue Th)/He data indicate exhumation of the foreland fold and thrust system to shallow crustal levels between ca. 550 Ma and 520 Ma, while the core of the orogen was undergoing exhumation to mid-crustal levels and cooling below 600-660℃. Subsequent cooling to 150 -220℃ of the core of the orogen occurred between ca. 480 Ma and 400 Ma(zircon [Ue Th]/He data)during reactivation of the Woodroffe Thrust, coincident with the 450 -300 Ma Alice Springs Orogeny.Exhumation of the footwall of the Woodroffe Thrust to shallow depths occurred at ca. 200 Ma. More recent tectonic activity is also evident as on the 21 May, 2016(Sydney date), a magnitude 6.1 earthquake occurred, and the resolved focal mechanism indicates that compressive stress and exhumation along the Woodroffe Thrust is continuing to the present day. Overall, these results demonstrate repeated amagmatic reactivation of the continental interior of Australia for ca. 715 million years, including at least 600 million years of reactivation along the Woodroffe Thrust alone. Estimated cooling rates agree with previously reported rates and suggest slow cooling of 0.9 -7.0℃/Ma in the core of the Petermann Orogen between ca. 570 Ma and 400 Ma. The long-lived, amagmatic, intracontinental reactivation of central Australia is a remarkable example of stress transmission, strain localization and cratonization-hindering processes that highlights the complexity of Continental Tectonics with regards to the rigid-plate paradigm of Plate Tectonics.     

Hazardous elements and amorphous nanoparticles in historical estuary coal mining area

In Brazil, intense coal exploitation activities have led to environmental deterioration, including soil mortification, water contamination, loss of ecosystem, and atmospheric contamination. In addition,considerable quantities of sulfur-rich residues are left behind in the mining area; these residues pose grave environmental issues as they undergo sulfide oxidation reactions. When sulfur oxides come in contact with water, extreme acid leachate is produced with great proportions of sulfate, and hazardous elements(HEs), which are identified as coal drainage(CMD). CMD is an environmental pollution challenge, particularly in countries with historic or active coal mines. To prevent CMD formation or its migration, the source must be controlled; however, this may not be feasible at many locations. In such scenarios, the mine water should be collected, treated, and discharged. In this study, data from 2005 to2010 was gathered on the geochemistry of 11 CMD discharges from ten different mines. There are several concerns and questions on the formation of nanominerals in mine acid drainage and on their reactions and interfaces. The detailed mineralogical and geochemical data presented in this paper were derived from previous studies on the coal mine areas in Brazil. Oxyhydroxides, sulfates, and nanoparticles in these areas possibly go through structural transformations depending on their size and formation conditions. The geochemistry of Fe-precipitates(such as jarosite, goethite, and hematite) existent in the CMD-generating coal areas and those that could be considered as a potential source of hazardous elements(HEs)(e.g., Cr) were also studied because these precipitates are relatively stable in extremely low pH conditions. To simplify and improve poorly ordered iron, strontium, and aluminum phase characterization, field emission scanning electron microscopy(FE-SEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy(HR-TEM), micro-Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction(XRD) and sequential extraction(SE) studies were executed on a set CMD samples from the Brazilian mines. This study aimed to investigate the role of both nanomineral and amorphous phase distribution throughout the reactive coal cleaning rejects profile and HEs removal from the water mine to provide holistic insights on the ecological risks posed by HEs, nanominerals, amorphous phases, and to assess sediments in complex environments such as estuaries.     

Blocking Distributions in the Atmosphere

The zonal momentum generation in forced stationary waves may exceed the requirement for momentum balance after long, if the waves do not change their patterns. This suggests that the changes in stationary wave patterns would be required by maintenance of momentum balance over the external forcings. It will be found that the low frequency anomalies like blocking regimes may produce reversed zonal momentum variations, if they happen in the observed centre areas. The zonal momentum balance in the stationary waves may be maintained effectively by alternation between the normal and blocking circulation regimes. Thus, from the point of long-term zonal momentum balance, we may explain the geographical distributions of the blocking centres and the seasonal variations in blocking areas and frequencies.     

使用单一探空廓线作12小时客观降水预报

在别得港(Bet Degan),以色列使用了一个近似于Schell(1946)和Krown(1953)提出的,用温度和露点的探空廓线来制作和试验的一个12小时降水预报客观程序,根据该程序作的62次预报证实,正确率达89%,虽然有些超过预报的降水量级是明显的,但是,在同一季节,用该程序的技术比通常用于日常业务的主观预报技术更适宜些。     

恩格尔—普雷契特(Engel-Precht)碳酸钾方法中的非催化多相动力学

制造 K_2CO_3的恩格尔—普雷契特方法由于经济和技术上的原因,在德国已被弃之不用。本工作试图查明和解决过程的控制问题,并提供改变原始的间歇操作为连续流程所必须的动力学数据。研究了两个反应:即恩格尔盐(KHCO_3·MgCO_3·4H_2O)的生成反应和该不溶性盐分解为 KHCO_3溶液和 MgCO_3·3H_2O 固相的反应。在研究反应最佳条件的同时,还确定了恩格尔盐生成反应(KCO,CO_2和MgCO_3·3H_2O 在水溶液料浆中的反应)的动力学和机理。对恩格尔盐分解的动力学、机理和最佳条件也同样地做了测定。本文完成了恩格尔—普雷契特方法中所有反应的研究,并与以前两次发表的结果(MgO 的水合和 MgO 的碳化)一起提出了关于设计一个有效的连续的流程所需要的所有数据。