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991.
Summary Boron-doped mullites were synthesized using aluminium nitrate-nonahydrate, tetraethoxysilane and boric acid in a sol–gel process
with subsequent annealing at 950 and 1300 °C for five hours. Two different bulk compositions with constant Al2O3 contents (60 and 70 mol%, respectively) and varying SiO2 plus B2O3 contents were investigated. X-ray powder diffraction analyses yielded a linear decrease of the lattice parameters with increasing
bulk B2O3 content, which was interpreted as to be due to boron incorporation. Related to the increasing boron content, corresponding
infrared spectra revealed a slight and continuous shift for most of the absorption bands. These data show that mullite is
able to incorporate large amounts of boron into its structure (up to about 20 mol% B2O3 depending on the bulk composition of the starting materials). Infrared analyses suggest that boron is incorporated into the
mullite structure in form of planar three-fold coordinated BO3 groups.
Author’s address: A. Beran, Institut für Mineralogie und Kristallographie, Universit?t Wien-Geozentrum, Althanstra?e 14, 1090 Wien, Austria 相似文献
992.
Summary The Aguablanca Ni-Cu-(PGE) magmatic sulphide deposit is associated with a magmatic breccia located in the northern part of
the Aguablanca gabbro (SW, Iberia). Three types of ores are present: semi-massive, disseminated, and chalcopyrite-rich veined
ore. The principal ore minerals are pyrrhotite, pentlandite and chalcopyrite. A relatively abundant platinum-group mineral
(PGM) assemblage is present and includes merenskyite, melonite, michenerite, moncheite and sperrylite. Moreover, concentrations
of base and precious metals and micro-PIXE analyses were obtained for the three ore-types. The mineralogy and the mantle-normalised
chalcophile element profiles strongly suggest that semi-massive ore represents mss crystallisation, whereas the disseminated ore represents an unfractionated sulphide liquid and the chalcopyrite-rich veined
ore a Cu-rich sulphide liquid. Palladium-bearing minerals occur commonly enclosed within sulphides, indicating a magmatic
origin rather than hydrothermal. The occurrences and the composition of these minerals suggest that Pd was initially dissolved
in the sulphides and subsequently exsolved at low temperatures to form bismutotellurides. Negative Pt and Au anomalies in
the mantle-normalised chalcophile element profiles, a lack of Cu-S correlation and textural observations (such as sperrylite
losing its euhedral shape when in contact with altered minerals) suggest partial remobilisation of Pt, Au and Cu by postmagmatic
hydrothermal fluids after the sulphide crystallisation.
Authors’ addresses: R. Pi?a, L. Ortega, R. Lunar, Departamento de Cristalografía y Mineralogía, Facultad de Geología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, ES-28040 Madrid,
Spain; F. Gervilla, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto Andaluz de Ciencias de la Tierra, Universidad de Granada-CSIC, Avda. Fuentenueva, s/n, ES-18002
Granada, Spain 相似文献
993.
M. Mejías J. Garcia-Orellana J. L. Plata M. Marina E. Garcia-Solsona B. Ballesteros P. Masqué J. López C. Fernández-Arrojo 《Environmental Geology》2008,54(3):521-536
A methodology for the characterization of deep carbonate aquifers has been developed and applied to El Maestrazgo Jurassic
aquifer in Castellón, Spain. Characterization of these aquifer formations, located at more than 300 m deep, consisted of a
previous phase of compilation, analysis and synthesis of the existing information about the area, followed by a coordinated
combination of different speciality studies: geology, stratigraphy, structural analysis, hydrogeology, hydrochemistry, geophysics
and remote sensing. Geological studies included geological mapping, definition of stratigraphical units and facies and structural
analysis. The aim of the hydrogeology study was to define aquifer formations, recharge area, aquifer points inventory and
groundwater flow directions for the establishment of piezometric and water quality observation nets. Special techniques were
applied, like thermal infrared aerial images and the evaluation of submarine groundwater discharge by means of natural radium
isotopes. Hydrochemical techniques, including majority elements characterization and stable isotopes (18O, 2H and 3H) determination, allowed classifying hydrochemical facies and establishing a renewal pattern for water within the system.
Geophysics was useful in determining the aquifer geometry, the features of the basement and the petrophysical characteristics
of the geological formations. Preliminary results show an important tectonic complexity and the possibilities for groundwater
uses in the area of study. 相似文献
994.
The Cambrian-Vendian groundwater body plays an important role in drinking water supply of capital Tallinn and other settlements
in northern Estonia. Water quality in this deep-seated confined groundwater body is influenced by the intrusion of present-day
seawater and pumping-induced upward migration of deeper saline groundwater. The aim of this study is to evaluate the threshold
values applying the methodology worked out within the EU 6th FP project “Background criteria for the identification of groundwater
thresholds (BRIDGE)” and to compare the results with the values proposed by local authorities. A database containing 250 monitoring
points was completed and used for the calculation of natural background levels (as the 90 and 97.7 percentile) in groundwater.
The calculation of threshold values is based on natural background levels and reference values. In case of Cambrian-Vendian
groundwater body the receptor is drinking water, thus limit values set by Estonian drinking water standard were used as reference
values. The threshold values proposed by local authorities are more or less the same as calculated by BRIDGE methodology.
Exceptionally different values are derived in case of chloride and ammonium. 相似文献
995.
Two algorithms for in-situ detection and identification of vertical free convective and double-diffusive flows in groundwater
monitoring wells or boreholes are proposed. With one algorithm the causes (driving forces) and with the other one the effects
(convection or double-diffusion) of vertical transport processes can be detected based on geophysical borehole measurements
in the water column. Five density-driven flow processes are identified: thermal, solutal, and thermosolutal convection leading
to an equalization, as well as saltfingers and diffusive layering leading to an intensification of a vertical density gradient.
The occurrence of density-driven transport processes could be proven in many groundwater monitoring wells and boreholes; especially
shallow sections of boreholes or groundwater monitoring wells are affected dramatically by such vertical flows. Deep sections
are also impaired as the critical threshold for the onset of a density-driven flow is considerably low. In monitoring wells
or boreholes, several sections with different types of density-driven vertical flows may exist at the same time. Results from
experimental investigations in a medium-scale testing facility with high aspect ratio (height/radius = 19) and from numerical
modeling of a water column agree well with paramters of in-situ detected convection cells. 相似文献
996.
Implementation of reconstructed geomorphologic units in landslide susceptibility mapping: the Melen Gorge (NW Turkey) 总被引:6,自引:2,他引:4
In the international literature, although considerable amount of publications on the landslide susceptibility mapping exist,
geomorphology as a conditioning factor is still used in limited number of studies. Considering this factor, the purpose of
this article paper is to implement the geomorphologic parameters derived by reconstructed topography in landslide susceptibility
mapping. According to the method employed in this study, terrain is generalized by the contours passed through the convex
slopes of the valleys that were formed by fluvial erosion. Therefore, slope conditions before landsliding can be obtained.
The reconstructed morphometric and geomorphologic units are taken into account as a conditioning parameter when assessing
landslide susceptibility. Two different data, one of which is obtained from the reconstructed DEM, have been employed to produce
two landslide susceptibility maps. The binary logistic regression is used to develop landslide susceptibility maps for the
Melen Gorge in the Northwestern part of Turkey. Due to the high correct classification percentages and spatial effectiveness
of the maps, the landslide susceptibility map comprised the reconstructed morphometric parameters exhibits a better performance
than the other. Five different datasets are selected randomly to apply proper sampling strategy for training. As a consequence
of the analyses, the most proper outcomes are obtained from the dataset of the reconstructed topographical parameters and
geomorphologic units, and lithological variables that are implemented together. Correct classification percentage and root
mean square error (RMSE) values of the validation dataset are calculated as 86.28% and 0.35, respectively. Prediction capacity
of the different datasets reveal that the landslide susceptibility map obtained from the reconstructed parameters has a higher
prediction capacity than the other. Moreover, the landslide susceptibility map obtained from the reconstructed parameters
produces logical results. 相似文献
997.
Soil erosion susceptibility assessment and validation using a geostatistical multivariate approach: a test in Southern Sicily 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
A certain number of studies have been carried out in recent years that aim at developing and applying a model capable of assessing
water erosion of soil. Some of these have tried to quantitatively evaluate the volumes of soil loss, while others have focused
their efforts on the recognition of the areas most prone to water erosion processes. This article presents the results of
a research whose objective was that of evaluating water erosion susceptibility in a Sicilian watershed: the Naro river basin.
A geomorphological study was carried out to recognize the water erosion landforms and define a set of parameters expressing
both the intensity of hydraulic forces and the resistance of rocks/soils. The landforms were mapped and classified according
to the dominant process in landsurfaces affected by diffuse or linear water erosion. A GIS layer was obtained by combining
six determining factors (bedrock lithology, land use, soil texture, plan curvature, stream power index and slope-length factor)
in unique conditions units. A geostatistical multivariate approach was applied by analysing the relationships between the
spatial distributions of the erosion landforms and the unique condition units. Particularly, the density of eroded area for
each combination of determining factors has been calculated: such function corresponds, in fact, to the conditional probability
of erosion landforms to develop, under the same geoenvironmental conditions. In light of the obtained results, a general geomorphologic
model for water erosion in the Naro river basin can be depicted: cultivated areas in clayey slopes, having fine-medium soil
texture, are the most prone to be eroded; linear or diffuse water erosion processes dominate where the topography is favourable
to a convergent or divergent runoff, respectively. For each of the two erosion process types, a susceptibility map was produced
and submitted to a validation procedure based on a spatial random partition strategy. Both the success of the validation procedure
of the susceptibility models and the geomorphological coherence of the relationships between factors and process that such
models suggest, confirm the reliability of the method and the goodness of the predictions. 相似文献
998.
The Samborombon Bay wetland is located on the west margin of the Rio de la Plata estuary, in the Province of Buenos Aires,
Argentina. This paper analyses the geological, geomorphologic, soil and vegetation characteristics of the southernmost sector
of this wetland and their influence on surface water and groundwater. The study area presents three hydrologic units: coastal
dunes, sand sheets and coastal plain. Coastal dunes and sand sheets are recharge zones of high permeability with well-drained,
non-saline soils, and a few surface water flows. Changes in the water table are related to rainfall. Groundwater in coastal
dunes is Ca–Mg–HCO3 to Na–HCO3, and of low salinity (590 mg/l). Groundwater in sand sheets is mainly Na–HCO3 with a salinity of about 1,020 mg/l. The coastal plain exhibits medium to low permeability sediments, with submerged saline
soils poorly drained. Groundwater is Na–Cl with a mean salinity of 16,502 mg/l. A surface hydrological network develops in
the coastal plain. Surface water levels near the shoreline are affected by tidal fluctuations; far from the shoreline water
accumulates because of poor drainage. Both sectors have Na–Cl water, but the former is more saline. Human intervention and
sea level rise may affect the wetland severely. 相似文献
999.
By using small scale model tests, the interference effect on the vertical load-deformation behavior of a number of equally
spaced strip footings, placed on the surface of dry sand, was investigated. At any stage, all the footings were assumed to
(i) carry exactly equal magnitude of load, and (ii) settle to the same extent. No tilt of the footing was permitted. The effect
of clear spacing (s) among footings on the results was explored. A new experimental setup was proposed in which only one footing
needs to be employed rather than a number of footings. The bearing capacity increases continuously with decrease in spacing
among the footings. The interference effect becomes further prominent with increase in soil friction angle. In contrast to
an increase in the bearing capacity, with decrease in spacing of footings, an increase in the footing settlement associated
with the ultimate state of shear failure was observed. The present experimental observations were similar to those predicted
by the available theory, based on the method of characteristics. As compared to the theory, the present experimental data,
however, indicates much greater effect of interference especially for larger spacing among footings. 相似文献
1000.
K. Vinod kumar R. C. Lakhera Tapas R. Martha R. S. Chatterjee A. Bhattacharya 《Environmental Geology》2008,55(4):789-799
Mass movements such as landslides in mountainous terrains are natural degradation processes and one of the most important
landscape-building factors. Varunawat Parbat overlooking Uttarkashi town witnessed a series of landslides on 23 September
2003 and the debris slides and rock falls continued for 2 weeks. This landslide complex was triggered due to the incessant
rainfall prior to the event, and its occurrence led to the blockage of the pilgrim route to Gangotri (source of the Ganges
river) and evacuation of thousands of people to safer places. Though there was no loss of lives due to timely evacuation,
heavy losses to the property were reported. High-resolution stereoscopic earth observation data were acquired after the incidence
to study the landslide in detail with emphasis on the cause of the landslide and mode of failure. Areas along the road and
below the Varunawat foothill region are mapped for landslide risk. It was found that the foothill region of the Varunawat
Parbat was highly disturbed by man-made activities and houses are dangerously located below steep slopes. The potential zones
for landslides along with the existing active and old landslides are mapped. These areas are critical and their treatment
with priority is required in order to minimise further landslide occurrences. 相似文献