鲫(Carassius auratus)对浅水湖泊水体浊度、营养水平和浮游生物生物量的影响——基于中宇宙模拟实验

鲫(Carassius auratus)是我国各类淡水水体的优势鱼类之一.作为底栖杂食性鱼类,一方面,鲫可以通过排泄和扰动沉积物影响湖泊营养和光照水平,通过"上行效应"促进浮游植物生长;另一方面,鲫也可以捕食浮游动物,通过"下行控制"影响藻类生长以及营养盐循环.对于浅水湖泊,两种途径对于生态系统影响的相对重要性仍有待研究.本研究设计了一个两因素户外中宇宙实验,通过在沉积物表面添加隔网的方式,比较两种情况下(能、否接触沉积物),鲫对水体浊度、营养盐和浮游生物生物量的影响.实验在16个大型钢化玻璃桶(400 L)中进行,持续36 d(2019年8月6日—9月11日).研究结果表明:1)在能接触沉积物的条件下,鲫显著促进了沉积物再悬浮,表现为水体的总悬浮物(TSS)和无机悬浮物(ISS)浓度大幅升高;水体的光衰减系数(Kd)增加,总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)浓度明显升高; 2)在不能接触沉积物的条件下,鲫对水体悬浮物(TSS和ISS)浓度和Kd的影响不明显,但是显著降低了水体TN和TP浓度; 3)在两种情况下,鲫对浮游植物叶绿素a浓度以及浮游动物生物量的影响均不显著.本研究表明鲫只有在能够接触沉积物的条件下,才会显著提高水体浊度和营养水平.因此,在缺乏沉水植被的浅水湖泊中,鲫扰动沉积物产生的"上行效应"可能是其对生态系统产生负面影响的主要途径.     

中纬度电离层foF2潮汐的变化特性

本文通过对1960年以来全球磁纬度40°N至50°N内测高仪台站的观测数据进行研究,提取了电离层F₂层临界频率（f_oF₂）的潮汐,揭示了其变化特征及可能的形成原因.研究发现,周日和半日的迁移潮汐分量（即DW1和SW2）强度最大,并且显示出明显的年变化和半年变化.周日潮汐的3波分量（即DE3）作为典型的非迁移潮汐分量,相对较弱,显示出微弱的半年变化.在冬季,DW1和SW2与太阳活动指数（F₁₀₇）呈现正相关性,其相关系数分别大于0.88和0.65.相反,在夏季,DW1和SW2与太阳活动指数呈现负相关性,特别是SW2,其相关系数在6月份达到-0.72.在相对于纬向均值的归一化处理之后,上述潮汐强度和太阳活动指数之间的正/负相关性被显著增强/削弱.其中,归一化后的夏季DW1和SW2与太阳活动指数的相关系数达到-0.8.更加深入的讨论显示出上传的大气潮汐波动可能是电离层潮汐除了太阳辐射之外的重要驱动源,并且这种驱动机制在SW2中更加强烈.

     

The attenuated Ricker wavelet basis for seismic trace decomposition and attenuation analysis

The widely used wavelets in the context of the matching pursuit are mostly focused on the time–frequency attributes of seismic traces. We propose a new type of wavelet basis based on the classic Ricker wavelet, where the quality factor Q is introduced. We develop a new scheme for seismic trace decomposition by applying the multi-channel orthogonal matching pursuit based on the proposed wavelet basis. Compared with the decomposition by the Ricker wavelets, the proposed method could use fewer wavelets to represent the seismic signal with fewer iterations. Besides, the quality factor of the subsurface media could be extracted from the decomposition results, and the seismic attenuation could be compensated expediently. We test the availability of the proposed methods on both synthetic seismic record and field post-stack data.     

Post-earthquake changes and prediction of debris flow scales in Subao River Valley,Beichuan County,Sichuan Province,China

Subao River lies along the Beichuan–Yingxiu fault in Beichuan County, which has been heavily impacted by the Wenchuan earthquake on 12 May 2008 and has become sources of many geo-hazards. On 24 September 2008, a rainstorm triggered a large debris flow in the catchment, causing several deaths and significant damages. A case study on changes of the debris flow was conducted in the river. The peak discharges were calculated in the Guanmenzi, Huangnidi, and Daanshan gullies. Results indicated that the peak discharges corresponded to various return periods in different gullies: 200 years in Daanshan, 100 years in Huangnidi, and 50 years in Guanmenzi. However, the triggering precipitation in these three gullies was only of a 20-year return period. The debris flows had undergone significant changes. Analysis indicated that the changes should be ascribed to the flow characteristics, initiation conditions, and the channel blockage impacted by the rapid accumulation of loose material. Channel blockage was the principal factor increasing the scale of the debris flow. The values on the blocking coefficient were presented based on density, height, and other characteristics of dams. Finally, all of the peak debris flow discharges of the Subao River Valley for a 20-year return period were calculated using the recommended blocking coefficient values.     

Urban-rural humidity and temperature differences in the Beijing area

In this paper, urban-rural temperature, relative humidity and vapour pressure differences at fixed hours in Beijing area were analyzed and compared. The data from one station with different observation surroundings and one rural station (0200, 0800, 1400 and 2000 hours local standard time (LST)) for the period 1971–2003 were used. The effect of urban on local temperature, relative humidity and vapour pressure were discussed. Results showed that the urban environment caused great increase in local temperature at 0200, 0800 and 2000 hours and small increase at 1400 hours. Also, the urban effect on humidity suggested that the urban environment can decrease relative humidity and vapour pressure at all fixed hours, while the urban-rural relative humidity differences are great at 2000 and 0200 hours and the urban-rural vapour pressure differences are great at 1400 and 2000 hours. The annual average temperature, relative humidity and vapour pressure difference between urban and rural are about 1.76°C, 6.3% and 1.5475 hpa during the period from 1981 to 1997, respectively. Results indicated that the urban effect on local temperature and humidity is significant in Beijing area.     

MULTI-SCALE ANALYSES OF SURFACE AIR TEMPERATURE VARIATIONS FOR THE NORTHERN HEMISPHERE AND CHINA DURING THE LAST ONE HUNDRED YEARS

Using multi-resolution theory of wavelet analysis,this paper studies the multi-scale structureof surface air temperature variations for the Northern Hemisphere and China during the last onehundred years.The results show that the climatic variations for the Northern Hemisphere can bedescribed as 3 hierarchies corresponding to the larger-scale changes.They are the cold period be-fore 1919,the warm period from 1920 to 1978 and the warmer period after 1979.The larger-scalehierarchical changes obviously show qualities of climate jump.The years 1920 and 1979 are thejump points of climate change.The surface air temperature variations for China are not entirelyanalogous to the Northern Hemisphere,and the main contrasts are that China is in the cold periodafter 1955 and the jump point of warming is 1987.The surface air temperature variations for theNorthern Hemisphere and China during the last one hundred years obviously show the hierarchicalstructure of multi-scale changes and the qualities of climate jump.     

Estimation of Roughness Parameters Within Sparse Urban-Like Obstacle Arrays

We conduct wind-tunnel experiments on three different uniform roughness arrays composed of sparsely distributed rectangular cylinders for the estimation of surface parameters. Roughness parameters such as the roughness length z ₀ and zero-plane displacement d are extracted using a best-fit approximation of the measured wind velocity. We also perform a large-eddy simulation (LES) to confirm that four sampling points are sufficient to surrogate a space average above the canopy layer of the sparse roughness arrays. We propose a new morphological model from a systematic analysis of experimental data on the arrays. The friction velocity predicted by the proposed model agrees well with the peak value of the measured Reynolds shear stress ${(-\left<\overline{u'w'}\right>)^{0.5}}${(-\left<\overline{u'w'}\right>)^{0.5}}. The proposed model is further validated in an additional wind-tunnel experiment conducted on a scaled configuration of a real urban area exposed to four wind directions. The proposed model is found to perform very well particularly in the estimation of the friction velocity, readily leading to a better estimation of turbulence, which is essential for an accurate prediction of pollutant dispersion.     

海口地区近地层流场与海陆风结构的研究

对海口市西郊观测的近地层流场与低空风、温探测资料进行了综合分析，讨论了位于我国北热带的海口市西郊近地层的流场特征，以及低层海陆风发生发展的观测实例及其规律。发现雨季海陆风出现频率达７５％，白天海风持续时间一般为１－４小时，最长可达１０小时。     

海口西郊海岸地带低层大气结构研究

对在海南省海口市西郊观测到的低空风、温探测资料进行了综合分析，研究了位于我国北热带地区的海口市新海地区的边界平均结构以及海边低层贴地逆温与内热边界层发生、发展的观测实例，发现观测区在旱，雨季均可在强日照下形成内热边界层，海边混合层明显比内陆地区深厚。     

气象数据云数据存储技术及应用

针对气象数据种类多、信息量大、精度高等特点,传统的关系型数据库系统在存储处理、数据读取等方面存在负载饱和、读写性能不理想等问题,利用云数据存储技术,结合气象数据特征,设计了基于云数据存储平台的气象数据存储和处理方法。通过分析气象数据的结构化、半/非结构化特征,采用云关系型数据库存储结构气象数据;采用NoSQL对象库存储半/非结构化气象数据;在数据的存储过程中,应用了气象数据分块压缩技术,进行气象数据存储和传输。结果表明,所讨论的方法具有很好的存储传输效率,能够满足大规模气象数据在业务应用中对存储查询和处理速度的要求。