Die allgemeine theorie des erdinduktors

Zusammenfassung Bei Verwendung von Saitengalvanometern für Inklinationsmessungen mit dem Erdinduktor sind Schwingungen zu beobachten, die bei den viel stärker gedämpften Spiegelgalvanometern nicht auftreten. Die Erklärung dieser Zusammenhänge ist mit den bekannten einfachen Induktionsformeln nicht möglich, weil sie nur Angaben über die Mittelwerte der EMK geben. Ueber das Spatprodukt von drei Vektoren: Totalfeldstärke, Drehachse und Vektor in der Windungsebene, lässt sich die allgemeinste Formel für die induzierte EMK bei beliebiger Achsenstellung berechnen. Kleine Winkelabweichungen aus der Nullage zeigen gemäss Formel Abhängigkeit der Verstellempfindlichkeiten von der Grösse der Inklination. Die Kommutierung wird einer genauen Betrachtung unterzogen; die Amplituden der Schwingungen mit Hilfe derFourier-Analyse berechnet. Der Induktionsstrom wird nach der bekannten Differentialgleichung bestimmt. Eine Möglichkeit der Messung vonH aderZ unter Verwendung von zwei Erdinduktoren wird am Schluss betrachtet.In dem zweiten Teil werden die Korrekturen, welche auf die Spulenkonstante anzuwenden sind, bestimmt. Die Grösse der Windungsflächen hängt von der Drahtstärke und der Konstruktionsart des Induktors ab (Einfach- oder Doppelspule). Der Einfluss des Rahmes auf die Spule wird einer genauen Betrachtung unterzogen. MittelsFourier-Analyse kann die Grössenordnung der Fehler von schlechtjustierten Kommutatoren bestimmt werden. Eine Uebersicht alter und neuer Indikationsmethoden bei Inklinationsmessungen beschliesst den Text.

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Summary 1. In using fibre-galvanometers for the measurement of Inclination with the earthinductor oscillations can be observed that do not appear at the use of mirrorgalvanometers, more muted. These relations can not be explained very well with the help of the known simple formulas, as the latter state only the means of EMF. Through the triple-product of the three vectors, i.e. total magnetic force, rotation-axis, vector in the plane of the coil, the general formula can be figured for the induced EMF at any possible positions of the axis. Small deviations from the nullposition show — according to the formula — some dependance of the sensibilities in changing the position of axis from the degree of Inclination. The commutation is taken into very careful consideration, the amplitudes of oscillations are calculated byFourier-Analysis. The current of the induction is computed according to the well known differential-equation. The possibility to fixH orZ in using two earthinductors will be described at the end of the first chapter.

     

Die lateritische Zersetzung des Peridotits bei der Bildung der Nickelerzlagerstätte von Frankenstein in Schlesien

Ohne ZusammenfassungAbgeschlossen im Juni 1947.     

II. Mitteilung. Die Zersetzungsprodukte des Olivins aus dem Muttergestein der Lagerstätte dichten Magnesits vom Galgenberg bei Zobten

Ohne ZusammenfassungAbgeschlossen im Juni 1947.     

Die Verdunstung im Schnee Grönlands

Summary The evaporation does not be restricted to the surface of the snow. The evaporated quantity is demonstrated.     

Routine analysis of sediment pore water of high ionic strength

Pore water of sediments plays an important role in aquatic systems as mediator and as the reactive zone between the sediment and surface water. Sediment pore waters with high ionic strength from acidified pit lakes were investigated to obtain information about the influence on the lake water quality. The analysis of soluble reactive phosphorus, nitrate, ammonium, silica, dissolved organic carbon, ferrous iron, sulfate, chloride, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, manganese, and total dissolved iron was predetermined as the dataset required for evaluation of water quality. The data collection procedure was optimised by designing a methodology for stabilisation, dilution of pore water samples and adaptation of analytical methods. The developed methodology was evaluated with respect to the effort required in the laboratory under routine conditions. In the first round of analyses, 72% of 638 individual analyses from a random selection of pore water profiles were found to be within the calibration ranges. Remedial actions to handle the remaining 28% of invalid analytical results are exemplified. Differences between comparative analyses of some ions by continuous flow analysis, ion chromatography, and atomic emission spectroscopy were evaluated. The majority of results measured by ion chromatography differed on a highly significant level from results measured by atomic emission spectroscopy. Possible reasons, originating from the extreme sample matrix, are discussed. Finally, the designed methodology and the results of the method comparison are used to recommend the selection of analytical methods under specific conditions.     

Adsorptive Separation of 1, 2‐Dichloroethane from Model Wastewater by Natural Clinoptilolite

The adsorptive separation of 1, 2‐dichloroethane from model wastewater by different Slovak natural and octadecylammonium‐modified clinoptilolites has been studied. It was found that the 1, 2‐dichloroethane will be adsorbed by natural as well as by surfactant‐modified clinoptilolites; all clinoptilolites have a similar adsorption loading. There was also no remarkable difference between the natural and surfactant‐modified clinoptilolites in respect to the adsorption kinetics.     

Sweden

Four invertebrate and one fish species (Cerastoderma edule, Mya arenaria, Arenicola marina, Crangon crangon, Solea solea) from a single area of the German Wadden sea were investigated for concentrations of ten organochlorine pollutants in 1976. PCB concentrations (wet tissue basis) were predominating with 10–200 ng g^?1, while p,p′-DDD, dieldrin, α-HCH, γ-HCH and p,p′-DDE generally ranged between 1 and 10 ng g^?1. Values of α-endosulfan were even lower; p,p′-DDT, endrin and heptachlor epoxide could not be detected. Residue levels in shrimps were close to the lower range of values which have been found in this species from other areas of the North Sea since 1974. The patterns of residue concentrations in the five aquatic species were remarkably different indicating species- and compound-specific bioaccumulation. Trophic level and lipid content were shown to be responsible for PCB concentrations increasing from bivalves to fish.