Applying the New Extended Direct Algebraic Method to Solve the Equation of Obliquely Interacting Waves in Shallow Waters

In this study, the potential Kadomtsev-Petviashvili(pKP) equation, which describes the oblique interaction of surface waves in shallow waters, is solved by the new extended direct algebraic method. The results of the study show that by applying the new direct algebraic method to the pKP equation, the behavior of the obliquely interacting surface waves in two dimensions can be analyzed. This article fairly clarifies the behaviors of surface waves in shallow waters. In the literature, several mathematical models have been developed in attempt to study these behaviors, with nonlinear mathematics being one of the most important steps; however, the investigations are still at a level that can be called ‘baby steps'. Therefore, every study to be carried out in this context is of great importance. Thus, this study will serve as a reference to guide scientists working in this field.     

The relationship between collision-related calcalkaline, and within-plate alkaline volcanism in the Karacadağ Area (Konya-Türkiye, Central Anatolia)

The Karacadağ (Kulu-Konya) area is one of the main volcanic provinces in Central Anatolia. The Karacadağ volcanites are composed of large volumes of andesitic-dacitic lavas associated with pyroclastics and small volumes of alkali basalt, trachybasalt and trachyandesite lavas. Two groups of volcanic rocks can be distinguished: (1) calcalkaline rocks including andesites and dacites, and (2) alkaline rocks including basalts, trachybasalts and trachyandesites. ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar ages show that the Karacadağ volcanites were erupted during Early Miocene (ca.18–19 Ma) and suggest that alkaline volcanites succeed shortly afterwards calcalkaline volcanites. Major oxides and trace elements plotted versus SiO₂ suggest fractionation of hornblende, Fe–Ti oxide and apatite for calcalkaline volcanic rocks and olivine, clinopyroxene and Fe–Ti oxide for alkaline volcanic rocks in the magmatic evolution. The incompatible trace element patterns of the calcalkaline volcanites show enrichment of LILEs (Sr, K, Rb, Ba and Th) and negative HFSEs (Nb, Ta) anomalies suggesting an enriched lithospheric source by a subduction-related process. On the other hand, alkaline volcanites show enrichment of both LILEs and HFSEs suggesting an enriched lithospheric source by small volume melts from the asthenosphere. The rocks also have moderately fractionated REE patterns with (La/Lu)_N ratios of 7–24 for calcalkaline and 6–17 for alkaline volcanites. Moreover, the volcanites have relatively low ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr(t) ratios for between 0.703782 and 0.705129, and high ε_Nd(t) values between +2.25 and +4.49. Generally, the Sr–Nd isotopic compositions of the rocks range from the mantle array to bulk earth. All of these observations and findings suggest that the calcalkaline volcanites were formed in a subduction modified orogenic setting, and the alkaline volcanites in a within-plate setting.     

Hydraulic fracturing in unconventional gas reservoirs: risks in the geological system part 1

Hydraulic fracturing of unconventional gas reservoirs rapidly developed especially in the USA to an industrial scale during the last decade. Potential adverse effects such as the deterioration of the quality of exploitable groundwater resources, areal footprints, or even the climate impact were not assessed. Because hydraulic fracturing has already been practised for a long time also in conventional reservoirs, the expansion into the unconventional domain was considered to be just a minor but not a technological step, with potential environmental risks. Thus, safety and environmental protection regulations were not critically developed or refined. Consequently, virtually no baseline conditions were documented before on-site applications as proof of evidence for the net effect of environmental impacts. Not only growing concerns in the general public, but also in the administrations in Germany promoted the commissioning of several expert opinions, evaluating safety, potential risks, and footprints of the technology in focus. The first two publications of the workgroup “Risks in the Geological System” of the independent “Information and Dialogue process on hydraulic fracturing” (commissioned by ExxonMobil Production Deutschland GmbH) comprises the strategy and approaches to identify and assess the potential risks of groundwater contamination of the exploitable groundwater system in the context of hydraulic fracturing operations in the Münsterland cretaceous basin and the Lower Saxony Basin, Germany. While being specific with respect to local geology and the estimation of effective hydraulic parameters, generalized concepts for the contamination risk assessment were developed. The work focuses on barrier effectiveness of different units of the overburden with respect to the migration of fracking fluids and methane, and considers fault zones as potential fluid pathway structures.     

Reservoirs as sentinels of catchments: the Rappbode Reservoir Observatory (Harz Mountains, Germany)

Reservoirs can be viewed as sentinels of their catchments and a detailed monitoring of reservoir systems informs about biogeochemical and hydrological processes at the catchment scale. We developed a comprehensive online monitoring system at Rappbode reservoir, the largest drinking water reservoir in Germany, and its inflows. The Rappbode Reservoir Observatory comprises of a set of online-sensors for the measurement of physical, chemical, and biological variables and is complemented by a biweekly limnological sampling schedule. Measurement stations are deployed at the four major inflows into the system, at the outlets of all pre-reservoirs, as well as in the main reservoir. The newly installed monitoring system serves both scientific monitoring and process studies, as well as reservoir management. Particular emphasis is paid to the monitoring of short-term dynamics and many variables are measured at high temporal resolution. As an example, we quantitatively documented a flood event which mobilised high loads of dissolved organic carbon and changed the characteristics of the receiving reservoir from eutrophic to dystrophic within a few days. This event could have been completely missed by conventional biweekly sampling programs, but is relevant for biogeochemical fluxes at the catchment scale. We also show that the high frequency data provide a deeper insight into ecosystem dynamics and lake metabolism. The Rappbode Reservoir Observatory; moreover, offers a unique study site to apply, validate, and develop state of the art lake models to improve their predictive capabilities.     

二氧化碳地质存储过程中沿井筒渗漏定性分析

二氧化碳沿井筒渗漏是二氧化碳地质埋存过程中所面临的重要风险之一.尤其是对于已经封堵的废弃井,由于获取井下的信息比较困难,因此评价废弃井的完整性是一个比较大的挑战.本文为评估二氧化碳沿废弃井渗漏提出了风险分析的方法.该方法包括了三个主要步骤:渗漏方案的制定,定量模拟及结果分析.所制定的渗漏方案将通过数值模拟进行定量分析及评价.本文将阐述该评价方法的第一步骤:渗漏方案的制定.该步骤为渗漏的定量模拟提供了理论基础.该方法被广泛接受并现场应用于德国某大型二氧化碳存储及提高天然气采收率项目中.     

1987-2007年土耳其伊斯坦布尔黑海沿岸土地利用变化(英文)

Recently,important land use changes have occurred in the Black Sea coastal regions of stanbul due to urban growth and population increases.The objective of this study was to determine changes in land use in the Black Sea coastal regions of stanbul between 1987 and 2007.Landsat 30 m satellite images from 1987 and 2007 are used in the study.The study area is 1000 m in width from the coastline to the land and the study has been carried out using the controlled classification method to classify areas into residential,agricultural,forest,bare land,brush/grassland,and lake/pond land classes.Land use changes between 1987 and 2007 were analysed in detail.Residential areas of the Black Sea coastal regions of stanbul increased by 122% over the two decades.Also an increase of 55% in agriculture areas was observed,while there were decreases of 26% in forest areas and 15% in free land.A 21% increase in the area of brush and grassland took place.Furthermore 79% of the study area was covered by residential areas in 2007.It is probable that pressure on the stanbul coastal regions will continue due to migraton and rapid urbanization.Therefore,Istanbul’s Black Sea coastal regions should be maintained using a sustainable coastal management plan.