Acceleration and ejection of ring vortices as a mechanism for formation of jet components in AGN

Exact solutions are obtained for the two-dimensional hydrodynamic equations for symmetric configurations of two and four vortices in the presence of an arbitrary flow with a point singularity. These solutions describe the dynamics of a dipole toroidal vortex in accretion and wind flows within the active nuclei of galaxies. It is shown that in a converging (accretion) flow, as they are compressed along their major radius, toroidal vortices are ejected with acceleration along the axis of symmetry of the active nucleus, to form the components of a bilateral jet. For a symmetric flow, the increase in the velocity of the vortices is determined by the monopole component of the flow, and, when there is an asymmetry in the flow, also by the dipole component of the flow, which controls the asymmetry of the ejection.     

Estimate of global oil resource and the forecast for global oil production in the 21st century

A probabilistic estimate of the global conventional recoverable oil resource was performed based on the concept of the Earth's sedimentary cover as a holistic system. A forecast for global oil production was made for the period till the end of the 21st century. It has been shown that the global oil production will most likely peak at 4.2–4.7 billion tons a year in 2020–2030. For that period, the top oil-producing regions in the world will be the Persian Gulf, West and East Siberia. The upstream sector at that time will turn its focus to the Arctic shelf. Annual oil production could be maintained at a level of 4.2–4.5 billion tons till the late 2040s.     

Volgian–Early Berriasian Marginal Filter in the West Siberian Marine Basin and Its Influence on Sediment Distribution

Lithology and Mineral Resources - The West Siberian marine basin of the Volgian–initial Berriasian ages is described. It is shown that a marginal filter (according to A.P. Lisitsyn)...     

A new exact solution of Kompaneets equation for a shock front

An analytical solution of the Kompaneets equation is found for a medium whose density varies according to a hyperbolic tangent law, from a more diffuse (interstellar) medium to a denser medium (a cloud). The law of motion of the leading points of the shock front is discussed. Intermediate asymptotics describing the acceleration and change of the shape of the shock front are analyzed in detail. The obtained solution can be used to investigate analytically the evolution of the shock-front shape at a boundary with a molecular cloud.     

Merger driven explosive evolution of distant galaxies (minor mergers)

We derived solutions for the Smoluchowski kinetic equation for the mass function of galaxies, which describes mergers in differential approximation, where mergers with low-mass galaxies are the dominant factor. The evolution of the initial distribution is analyzed as well as the influence of the source represented by galaxies (halos) that disengage fromthe global cosmological expansion. It is shown that the evolution of the slope of the power-law portion of the luminosity function at a constant mass-to-luminosity ratio observed in the Ultradeep Hubble Field can be described as a result of explosive evolution driven by galaxy mergers. In this case the exponent depends exclusively on the uniformity degree of merger probability as a function of mass.     

The influence of mergings on galaxy evolution

The evolution of the galaxy mass function MF (and luminosity function LF) depending on merging of galaxies is discussed. The richness and masses of most massive (and most luminous) galaxies of a cluster are chosen as a characteristic of the bright edge of LF. Mergers are simulated by a Monte-Carlo method. The probability of merging depends on the masses of galaxies. The ratio of the current number of galaxies to the initial one plays the role of the time scale. Transformation to real time and redshift is realized with help of the Smoluchowsky kinetic equation (SE) solution, describing the merging process and making possible to find the dependence of the galaxy number on time. The dependencies of richness, masses and magnitude differences of most massive and brightest galaxies of a cluster on redshift have been obtained. Creation of cD-galaxy has been retraced on small redshifts. The masses of the second and less massive cluster galaxies grow, but after the creation of the cD-galaxy they begin to decrease. Comparison of obtained results with data of the catalogues is provided. Correspondence in mentioned dependencies is observed. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Hydrothermal pyrolysis of organic matter in Riphean mudstone

The catagenesis of organic matter (OM) was modeled by the hydrothermal pyrolysis of a source rock (Riphean mudstone from eastern Siberia). Isothermal experiments 72-h long were carried out in an aqueous environment in autoclaves at temperatures of 300, 310, 320,..., 370°. The pyrolysis products were analyzed for yield of extract, organic carbon, and parameters of Rock-Eval pyrolysis. The amount of the generated liquid hydrocarbon (HC) compounds increased to a temperature of 340°C and then decreased. The experimental trend of the hydrogen index (HI) dependence on the T _Max temperature generally coincided with that for natural OM maturation. The carbon isotopic composition of the insoluble (in organic solvents) OM remained practically unchanged in the course of the experiments. The carbon structure of the solid remnants of the experimental samples was ordered (after the experiments) with the origin of turbostratic graphite with a spacing of d ₀₀₂≈3.5 A°. We also conducted pyrolysis in a diamond anvil cell equipped with a digital camera in order to obtain additional qualitative and quantitative information on oil generation and emigration in the source rock and isolated kerogen. Chemical kinetic parameters of kerogen cracking were calculated for pyrolysis in an open system. The extrapolation of the high-temperature experimental results is discussed with reference to natural OM maturation.