Development of Climate and Earth System Models in China: Past Achievements and New CMIP6 Results

The Earth-Climate System Model (ECSM) is an important platform for multi-disciplinary and multi-sphere integration research, and its development is at the frontier of international geosciences, especially in the field of global change. The research and development (R&D) of ECSM in China began in the 1980s and have achieved great progress. In China, ECSMs are now mainly developed at the Chinese Academy of Sciences, ministries, and universities. Following a brief review of the development history of Chinese ECSMs, this paper summarized the technical characteristics of nine Chinese ECSMs participating in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 and preliminarily assessed the basic performances of four Chinese models in simulating the global climate and the climate in East Asia. The projected changes of global precipitation and surface air temperature and the associated relationship with the equilibrium climate sensitivity under four shared socioeconomic path scenarios were also discussed. Finally, combined with the international situation, from the perspective of further improvement, eight directions were proposed for the future development of Chinese ECSMs.     

CAS FGOALS-f3-L Model Datasets for CMIP6 Historical Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project Simulation

The outputs of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS) Flexible Global Ocean–Atmosphere–Land System(FGOALS-f3-L) model for the baseline experiment of the Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project simulation in the Diagnostic,Evaluation and Characterization of Klima common experiments of phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project(CMIP6) are described in this paper. The CAS FGOALS-f3-L model, experiment settings, and outputs are all given. In total,there are three ensemble experiments over the period 1979–2014, which are performed with different initial states. The model outputs contain a total of 37 variables and include the required three-hourly mean, six-hourly transient, daily and monthly mean datasets. The baseline performances of the model are validated at different time scales. The preliminary evaluation suggests that the CAS FGOALS-f3-L model can capture the basic patterns of atmospheric circulation and precipitation well, including the propagation of the Madden–Julian Oscillation, activities of tropical cyclones, and the characterization of extreme precipitation. These datasets contribute to the benchmark of current model behaviors for the desired continuity of CMIP.     

卫星遥感太湖蓝藻水华分布及其气象影响要素分析

分析2003--2007年太湖蓝藻水华遥感监测信息指出,近年来,太湖蓝藻水华的时空分布具有如下特征:(1)太湖蓝藻水华爆发的频次和覆盖面积有扩大的趋势;(2)蓝藻水华爆发时间范围有从夏、秋季向温度更低的冬、春季发展的趋势;(3)蓝藻水华爆发频次最高的区域以及爆发最严重的区域主要集中在太湖西部和北部.蓝藻水华爆发的影响要素中除了污染物质的分布,还包括各种气象要素.经过地面气象观测资料与卫星观测资料的对比分析,发现温度、风、光照、降水等气象要素都会对蓝藻水华爆发起到一定程度的影响作用.其中温度、光照因素对蓝藻水华爆发起到促进作用,风、降水因素对蓝藻水华爆发起到抑制作用.同时注意到,由于湖泊污染情况正处在不断变化之中,因而各种气象要素对蓝藻水华爆发的影响程度也在发生着变化.     

INTERPRETATION OF COPPER AND ZINC CONTAMINATION IN THE AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT OF PENINSULAR MALAYSIA WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO A POLLUTED RIVER, SEPANG RIVER

Three different aquatic ecosystems(an urban pond,Kelana Jaya Pond;a polluted river,Sepang River;and the intertidal and offshore areas of the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia)with different sets of ecological backgrounds and human activities were reviewed and assessed for the levels of Cu and Zn contamination with special reference to those found in polluted sediments collected from the Sepang River.The discussion on the contamination levels of Cu and Zn in the aquatic environment of Peninsular Malaysia was based on a comparison of the metal contamination of 4 kinds of aquatic environments.The comparison of 4 different areas was based on ① total concentrations of 2 metals;② the concentrations and percentages of the nonresistant(EFLE,acid-reducible and oxidisable-organic)and resistant geochemical fractions;and ③ correlation coefficients(R-values)based on data of 4 areas separately and a combination of 4 areas.The Sepang River recorded nonresistant fractions of 63.1% for Zn and 55.8% for Cu in addition to slightly lower metal concentrations when compared to those(60%-70%)reported before the shutting down of the piggery activities in that area.These nonresistant metal percentages(55%-63%)indicated that the metal concentrations were still dominated by anthropogenic sources since nonresistant fraction of metals were mostly contributed by anthropogenic sources.The positive results from the four different aquatic environments assessed here provided strong evidence to show that Malaysia's aquatic environment had received anthropogenic Cu and Zn.The present study also showed that the percentage of the nonresistant fraction and the R-values based on correlation analysis of Cu and Zn could be used as indicators of Cu and Zn pollution in the Malaysian aquatic ecosystem.Based on the present data,the correlation coefficients(R-values)are potential indicators of EFLE Cu and acid-reducible Cu of the sediments.The use of R-values as indicators of metal pollution is suggested and it is applicable to other heavy metal data although it should be improved in future studies.     

湖南沃溪W-Sb-Au矿床成因的流体包裹体证据

系统研究了沃溪WSbAu矿床层状矿体的流体包裹体特征,均一温度集中在120～180℃,盐度变化于2.9%～8.9% NaCl之间,由包裹体均一温度与盐度计算得出的流体密度介于0.94～0.96 g/cm3。流体包裹体稀土元素地球化学组成表明,成矿流体为一种进化的海水,即海水在海底下沉积柱循环过程中萃取矿质,形成120～180℃温度的低密度成矿流体。当其回返上升到海底后,形成悬浮热液柱,并与冷海水逐渐掺和,发生化学和机械－化学沉积,在海底形成层状矿体。流体包裹体均一温度和盐度的变化范围与很多沉积喷流（SEDEX）矿床极为相似,暗示与这些矿床具有相似的成因机制。同一矿层、条带状矿石中同一条带的石英中包裹体均一温度和盐度的规律性变化,支持沃溪WSbAu矿床的同生热水沉积成因观点。     

生活垃圾卫生填埋及地质环境效应概论

论述当前世界各国城市建设中必不可少的重要工程设施类型之一——生活垃圾处置工程。总结当前垃圾处置的主要方式,分析卫生填埋在各种处理方式中独具的优势,并简要介绍组成卫生填埋工程的各个部分及其功能;论述垃圾填埋体中进行的各种化学和生物化学作用及其变化;指出垃圾填埋体是其中的核心部分,填埋体结构的优化设计是控制污液污染地质环境的关键,提出填埋体结构设计的技术路线和系统方法。最后,根据当前卫生填埋场实施中存在的问题,为进一步有效地控制垃圾填埋处置对地质环境污染中的研究不足,提出意见和建议     

西秦岭寒武系硅岩建造中金矿床成矿物质来源研究

西秦岭寒武系硅岩建筑中的金矿床，是我国境内发现的一种具有独特地质特征的层控金矿床。通过对寒武系统硅岩建筑以及金矿石中金的浸出率、微量元素有其特征元素比值、稀土配分型式以及硫、铅、碳、氧、氢、硅等同位素组成等方面的系统研究表明，在后期成矿过程中，金及其它伴生元素主要来自寒武系硅岩建造；成矿溶液主要来自大气降水。地下热液在五流过程中，促使硅岩建造中的成矿物质发生活化，迁移和再聚集，并最终导致矿床的形成     

MIS 3晚期东亚季风强度和DO事件年龄

基于神农架山宝洞石笋(SB46)的9个230Th年龄和326个氧同位素数据,建立了末次冰期32.2～26.7kaB.P.和17.0～15.4kaB.P.的东亚季风降水序列。该序列和同一洞穴全新世石笋记录的对比发现,在MIS3晚期东亚季风区可能存在极强夏季风降水事件,相当于全新世季风强度,可能与岁差旋回太阳辐射及海陆水汽潜热释放增强有关。与葫芦洞石笋δ18O记录和格陵兰冰芯δ18O记录对比表明,东亚夏季风千年尺度气候振荡与高北纬地区海-气快速重组存在遥相关效应。山宝洞石笋年龄与葫芦洞石笋和格陵兰冰芯时标(SS09sea)在定年误差范围内基本一致,但山宝洞石笋与冰芯记录在DO事件的年龄、波形和持续时间上更为一致,不仅进一步说明了低纬季风气候与极地气温同步变化,而且有效地弥补了葫芦洞记录在这一时段的不足。     

湘南道县辉长岩包体的锆石LA-ICP-MS定年、Hf同位组成及其地质意义

道县虎子岩碱性玄武岩筒产出较多的辉长岩包体。用于锆石定年的辉长岩样品的岩石化学特征显示：其K₂O、Fe₂O₃、TiO₂高于其他同类样品,稀土元素、微量元素总量也相对较高,样品的K^*值（2K_N/（Ta_N+La_N））为7.60>1,显示岩浆具有亲岛弧性质,反映源区地幔受到较强的交代作用;Nb^*值（2 Nb_N/（K_N+La_N））为0.11<1,反映基性岩浆侵入时受到了地壳混染;辉长岩中的锆石具有清晰的韵律环带,Th/U值=0.91~4.35,具有岩浆锆石的特征;锆石²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U加权平均年龄为（201.50±0.53）Ma,代表了辉长岩的结晶年龄;ε_Hf （t）值为-0.88~4.45,投点落入球粒陨石附近,暗示强烈的壳幔交换作用;Hf模式年龄平均为751 Ma,反映早期地壳对岩石源区的贡献。Hf同位素组成特征反映辉长质岩浆是在印支晚期局部拉张背景下,岩石圈上地幔上隆减压熔融的产物。     

新疆地区的"中世纪温暖期"——古尔班通古特沙漠四厂湖古环境的再研究

文章依据新疆天山北麓古尔班通古特沙漠东南缘的四厂湖人工剖面进行的孢粉分析、平均粒径、磁化率以及烧失量测定结果,揭示了四厂湖地区最近1000年以来的古环境特征。研究结果表明,在与被称之为"中世纪温暖期(900-1300A.D.)"相当的时段内,淡水的四厂湖湖体周边地区曾经生长着由中旱生的灌木及草本组成的荒漠草原植被,并分布有淡水沼泽隐域植被。当时气候湿润,湖区生物物种多样性增加。结合新疆其他地区的第四纪研究成果,反映出该时期新疆地区气候湿润、湖沼发育、植被生长旺盛,因此本区在中世纪时气候应称之为湿润期或适宜期。而中世纪前后,该区以旱生、超旱生植物花粉占绝对优势,湖区植物种类减少,风沙作用较强,荒漠化景观显著。