Geochemical and isotopic characteristics of fluids in the Niutuozhen geothermal field,North China

Niutuozhen geothermal field is located in the Jizhong graben, belonging to the northern part of Bohai Bay Basin in North China. Chemical and isotopic analyses were carried out on 14 samples of the geothermal fluids discharged from Neogene Minghuazhen (Nm), Guantao (Ng), and Jixianian Wumishan (Jxw) formations. The δ²H and δ¹⁸O in water, δ¹³C in CH₄, δ¹³C in CO₂, and ³He/⁴He ratio in the gases were analyzed in combination with chemical analyses on the fluids in the Niutuozhen geothermal field. The chemical and isotopic compositions indicate a meteoric origin of the thermal waters. The reservoir temperatures estimated by chemical geothermometry are in the range between 60 and 108 °C. The results show that the gases are made up mainly by N₂ (18.20–97.42 vol%), CH₄ (0.02–60.95 vol%), and CO₂ (0.17–25.14 vol%), with relatively high He composition (up to 0.52 vol%). The chemical and isotopic compositions of the gas samples suggest the meteoric origin of N₂, predominant crustal origins of CH₄, CO₂, and He. The mantle-derived He contributions are calculated to be from 5 to 8% based on a crust–mantle binary mixing model. The deep temperatures in the Jxw reservoir were evaluated based on gas isotope geothermometry to be in the range from 141 to 165 °C. The mantle-derived heat fraction in the surface heat flow is estimated to be in the range of 48–51% based on ³He/⁴He ratios.     

Climate,disasters, wars and the collapse of the Ming Dynasty

Based on the historical records of natural disasters and human wars of the final 35 years in the late Ming Dynasty (1610–1644 AD) obtained using different spatial scales, a set of grading systems were established to classify, grade and present these records and their spatiotemporal characteristics. From natural and human perspectives to quantitative analyses of the direct causes of the collapse of the Ming Dynasty, the author draws conclusion regarding a total of six immediate factors, which were, according to the rate of contribution from high to low, internal rebellions, drought, inter-ethnic conflicts, locust, flood and external wars. Among these causes, human factors accounted for approximately 47%, while natural factors accounted for approximately 53%. Attribution analysis indicated that the basin areas in east China were sensitive to climate change during the Ming Dynasty. Severe drought and locusts in a cooling environment were the main natural causes, while frequent internal rebellions and inter-ethnic conflicts influenced by financial crisis were the major human factors. Although natural factors accounted for a greater percentage than human factors in the rate of contribution to the collapse of the Ming Dynasty, they were the only external factors impacting social development and changes.     

华南陆缘粤南地区晚三叠世-早、中侏罗世古气候演化及其对华南构造体制转换的响应

华南早中生代构造体制转换对粤南地区古气候演化产生了深远影响,但对其内在联系的研究尚有不足.本文以粤南地区上三叠统—下、中侏罗统小坪组、金鸡组、桥源组为研究对象,采集各组泥岩样品进行了X-射线荧光光谱主量元素和ICP-MS微量、稀土元素测试,并开展了沉积特征和古生物特征综合分析.测试表明,小坪组凤岗段泥岩样品CIA（75.7~81.3）、Sr/Cu（0.83~21.3）、Rb/Sr（2.32~12.8）、Mg/Ca（0.57~2.50）和Sr/Ba（0.04~0.19）均指示该区晚三叠世早期为温湿气候,δCe（0.93~0.95）指示弱氧化环境,间接反映该时期为温湿气候;小坪组马安段泥岩样品CIA（77.5~82.2）、Sr/Cu（8.41~13.3）、Rb/Sr（2.08~5.83）、Mg/Ca（0.79~3.10）和Sr/Ba（0.06~0.26）指示该区晚三叠世晚期为干热气候,δCe（1.04~1.05）指示还原环境,间接反映该时期为干热气候;金鸡组、桥源组泥岩样品CIA（77.1~82.3）、Sr/Cu（1.51~4.38）、Rb/Sr（2.16~12.1）、Mg/Ca（0.84~2.94）和Sr/Ba（0.04~0.24）指示该区早侏罗世—早、中侏罗世以温湿气候为主,短暂出现干热气候,δCe（0.92~1.00）指示弱还原—弱氧化环境,间接反映该时期气候以温湿为主,短暂出现干热.将研究区与周缘地区古气候进行对比,晚三叠世—早、中侏罗世粤南及其围区古气候都经历了由温湿（晚三叠世早期）—干热（晚三叠世晚期）—温湿为主,短暂出现干热（早侏罗世—早、中侏罗世）的转变,这一具有相同演化趋势的古气候转变,正是对该时期华南经历了由特提斯构造域向古太平洋构造域转换的响应.      

粉土与粉质黏土互层中静压桩桩土界面孔隙水压力

为研究层状黏性土在静压桩沉桩过程中桩土界面孔隙水压力的分布规律,依托山东东营某桩基工程开展了现场足尺静压桩试验,分析了桩土界面孔隙水压力的变化规律,探讨了桩土界面超孔隙水压力的分布特征,明确了桩土界面孔隙水压力和超孔隙水压力的消散特性,并结合水力压裂理论和孔穴扩张理论,揭示了沉桩过程中桩土界面沿桩长方向超孔隙水压力的分布形式。试验结果表明：孔隙水压力、超孔隙水压力与土层性质密切相关,二者均在粉土层中增长较慢,在粉质黏土层中增长较快;在同一深度处,两者均存在明显的消散现象,在粉土中的消散程度明显大于粉质黏土中;采用水力压裂理论结合孔穴扩张理论计算的超孔隙水压力沿桩长方向的变化规律与试验值相吻合;桩身贯入深度越大,超孔隙水压力理论计算值与现场实测值越接近。     

Numerical modelling of multiphase immiscible flow in double‐porosity featured groundwater systems

A numerical model describing the flow of multiphase, immiscible fluids in a deformable, double‐porosity featured soil has been developed. The model is focused on the modelling of the secondary porosity features in soil, which is more relevant to groundwater contamination problems. The non‐linear saturation and relative permeabilities were expressed as functions of the capillary pressures. The governing partial differential equations in terms of soil displacement and fluid pressures were solved numerically. Galerkin's weighted‐residual finite element method was employed to obtain the spatial discretization whereas temporal discretization was achieved using a fully implicit scheme. The model was verified against established, peer‐reviewed works, and the assumption that the immiscible fluids (non‐aqueous phase liquids) will flow preferentially through the secondary porosity features in soil was validated. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A non‐coaxial and unbalanced plastic flow rule for geomaterials and its application to the shear band orientation prediction

In this paper, the non‐coaxial relation between the principal plastic strain increments and the principal stresses, which results from the internal friction in geomaterials, is analyzed, and the phenomenon of the unbalanced development of plastic flow in two conjugate directions is discussed. A non‐coaxial, unbalanced plastic flow model for Coulomb frictional materials is developed and used to determine the orientation of shear band in geomaterials. It is shown that the unbalanced index r of plastic flow has important effect on the orientation of the shear band, and the orientation determined by the conventional plastic flow theory is only a special case of the proposed model when r=0. This result soundly explains the reason that the geomaterials with the same internal friction angle and dilatancy angle can have very different shear band orientations. In addition, the difference between the intrinsic and apparent dilatancy angles is analyzed, and it is emphasized that the dilatancy angle commonly used in practice is indeed the apparent dilatancy angle. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A very bright (i=16.44) quasar in the ‘redshift desert' discovered by the Guoshoujing Telescope (LAMOST)

The redshift range from 2.2 to 3 is known as the ‘redshift desert' of quasars because quasars with redshifts in this range have similar optical colors as normal stars and are thus difficult to find in optical sky surveys.A quasar candidate, SDSS J085543.40001517.7, which was selected by a recently proposed criterion involving near-IR Y-K and optical g-z colors, was identified spectroscopically as a new quasar with a redshift of 2.427 by the Guoshoujing Telescope (LAMOST) commissioning observation in 2009 De...     

柴达木盆地东部三湖地区第四纪沉积物源分析

柴达木盆地三湖地区第四系的形成是在新近纪末期新构造运动作用下,盆地沉积中心由西向东整体迁移的产物.在第四系中发现了世界上最大的生物气田,近年来在寻找构造圈闭难以取得突破的情况下,岩性圈闭的勘探成为下一步勘探工作的必然选择.确定物源方向对岩性油气藏的勘探具有重要的指导作用.该文通过分析现今水系分布、储层岩性、矿物组合、氯离子含量、重矿物、泥质含量、砂岩含量、地震前积反射等特征和通过野外踏勘、储层反演等手段,确定三湖地区第四系沉积物源呈明显的不对称性,主要物源来自南部的昆仑山,次要物源来自北斜坡东部锡铁山-埃姆尼克山.     

粉喷桩复合地基沉降计算方法探讨

复合地基变形计算准确与否,与选用的计算方法是否合适关系很大,各种计算方法都是从不同角度和假定模式上建立起来的,与实际工况存在差异。通过分析粉喷桩复合地基的工作机理和破坏机制,对现存的粉喷桩复合地基的各种沉降计算方法进行比较,提出了沉降计算方法的选用思路及改进方法。