Influence of hydrate exploitation on stability of submarine slopes

Urban pluvial flash floods have become a matter of widespread concern, as they severely impact people’s lives in urban areas. Hydrological and hydraulic models have been widely used for urban flood management and urban planning. Traditionally, to reduce the complexity of urban flood modelling and simulations, simplification or generalization methods have been used; for example, some models focus on the simulation of overland water flow, and some models focus on the simulation of the water flow in sewer systems. However, the water flow of urban floods includes both overland flow and sewer system flow. The overland flow processes are impacted by many different geographical features in what is an extremely spatially heterogeneous environment. Therefore, this article is based on two widely used models (SWMM and ANUGA) that are coupled to develop a bi-directional method of simulating water flow processes in urban areas. The open source overland flow model uses the unstructured triangular as the spatial discretization scheme. The unstructured triangular-based hydraulic model can be better used to capture the spatial heterogeneity of the urban surfaces. So, the unstructured triangular-based model is an essential condition for heterogeneous feature-based urban flood simulation. The experiments indicate that the proposed coupled model in this article can accurately depict surface waterlogged areas and that the heterogeneous feature-based urban flood model can be used to determine different types of urban flow processes.

     

Ambiguity in the altitude effect of precipitation isotopes for estimating groundwater recharge elevation and paleoelevation reconstruction in the leeward side of a mountain

The altitude effect of isotopes in precipitation is not as significant on the leeward side of a mountain as it is on the windward side, which makes it difficult to use isotopes at leeward sites, especially if estimating elevation of groundwater recharge or reconstructing paleoelevations. Samples of precipitation were taken at three stations with different elevations—2,306–3,243 m above mean sea level (asl)—on the leeward side of the Meili Snow Mountains on the southeastern Tibetan Plateau from August 2017 to July 2018. The isotope vs. altitude gradients were calculated based on two adjacent stations at the daily, monthly, and annual scales. Most of the gradients are beyond the global ranges of –0.5 to –0.1‰ per 100 m for δ¹⁸O and –5 to –1‰ per 100 m for δ²H, and some of the gradients are even positive. Local processes of sub-cloud evaporation and mixing with recycled moisture are identified for the ambiguous altitude effect, while regional atmospheric circulation processes dominate the major patterns of stable isotope variation at the three stations. The groundwater recharge elevation is estimated to be in a very large range, 2,562–6,321 m asl, which could be caused by the differences in isotope vs. altitude gradient in the studied catchments. Considering the complex atmospheric processes affecting precipitation isotopes, sampling of event-based/monthly precipitation at more than two altitudes for at least one complete hydrological year is a minimum requirement to establish a reasonable isotope vs. altitude gradient.

     

古老造山带洋板块地层*

重点分析和总结了由前寒武纪增生复合体和造山带混杂岩重建的古老造山带洋板块地层,包括由英国威尔士安格尔西岛新元古代莫纳超群混杂岩重建的太平洋洋板块地层、由澳大利亚西北部皮尔巴拉早太古代克里夫维尔绿岩带重建的古印度洋洋板块地层。澳大利亚东皮尔巴拉地块大理石坝地区早太古代玄武岩-硅质岩-碎屑岩序列与日本二叠纪-三叠纪洋板块地层在岩石组成和地球化学特征方面具有高度的相似性,这一认识将为早太古代洋板块地层的沉积环境从高热流洋脊扩张区经过热点向低热流海沟陆源碎屑沉积区转变这一过程提供有力支持。从增生造山带洋板块地层保存的岩石记录看,不同年代洋板块地层的主要物质组成和岩石类型相似,因此在地球38亿年的演化进程中,洋壳扩张、海洋沉积、俯冲及增生的过程并没有显著变化;但随着时间推移,年轻造山带洋板块性质和洋板块地层组成与古老造山带相比,可能会发生一些变化。就古老造山带洋板块地层而言,前寒武纪的地幔温度略高,太古代局部熔融显著,熔融量大大超过洋壳扩张速率,因而没有形成席状岩墙群。     

Shear strength and shear bands of anisotropic sand

Acta Geotechnica - Due to sedimentation, irregular particles of sand arrange anisotropically in nature. Anisotropy diversifies the internal friction angles between relative research planes at...     

Experimental Study on Rock Failure Characteristics of Ejective Rock Burst Based on Energy Compensation

Geotechnical and Geological Engineering - Rock burst is a typical type of dynamic geological disaster in the process of underground engineering excavation under high in-situ stress. Based on the...     

Scenario simulation of the geohazard dynamic process of large-scale landslides: a case study of the Xiaomojiu landslide along the Jinsha River

Natural Hazards - Large-scale landslides often cause severe damage due to their long run-out distances and having disaster chain effects. Scenario simulation has been adopted in the current work in...     

The mechanism of deep material transport and seismogenic environment of the Xiaojiang fault system revealed by 3-D magnetotelluric study

Science China Earth Sciences - The Xiaojiang fault system (XJFS), located to the southeast of the Tibetan Plateau, has a complicated tectonic history and is an ideal location to study the Tibetan...     

基于耗散能量的饱和黄土动孔压模型

通过一系列不排水动三轴试验探究了饱和黄土振动液化过程中孔隙水压力和累积耗散能量的演化模式,并讨论了围压、动应力幅值和固结应力比对其演化过程的影响。结果表明：饱和黄土的孔隙水压力和耗散能量随着循环荷载作用逐渐累积。固结围压抑制孔隙水压力增长而消耗更多能量;更大的动应力幅值使得孔隙水压力增长更快而消耗能量更少;等压固结下,孔隙水压力增长至围压从而触发初始液化,而偏压固结下,通常先达到振动液化应变标准而孔隙水压力并没有增长至围压水平,并且固结应力比越大,液化时孔隙水压力越小,消耗能量也更少。归一化孔隙水压力u/σ₀’与累积耗散能量W/W_f之间关系受围压、循环应力比和固结应力比影响较小,可统一用双曲线模型表示。     

遥感技术在断裂研究中的应用——以张家口—蓬莱断裂带为例

张家口一蓬莱断裂带是一条北西西向活动断裂带。本文选取ETM+光学影像和SRTM高程影像作为主要数据源,结合研究区已有地质资料研究发现该带断裂构造的北西西向线性特征明显。从水系分布和错断地形等地貌标志判断,该断裂具有左阶组合样式和左行走滑活动特征。据遥感影像综合特征,可将该带分为张家口段、延庆-怀来段和北京一天津段,影像特征分段性显著,并与断裂带的分段性一致。研究结果表明,张家口-蓬莱断裂具有左行走滑的运动学特征,限制或错断北北东或北东向断裂,并且控制该区域的左阶雁列式第四纪盆地群和第四纪冲洪积物的分布。该断裂带各段对不同规模的水系分布和形态影响比较大,且北京-天津地区的华北平原段断裂对第四纪冲洪积扇和沿海地区的贝壳堤的形态和分布有一定的控制作用。地球物理深部数据和野外地质考察资料也证实了遥感解泽的结果,证明遥感技术在探查断裂构造空间展布和活动性鉴定中有着广泛的应用前景。     

青海省纳日贡玛斑岩型铜钼矿床成矿岩体的物质来源及成矿背景分析

纳日贡玛斑岩型铜钼矿床是西南三江地区继玉龙特大型斑岩铜矿之后发现的又一大型矿床。在总结矿床地质特征的基础上,对该矿床的含矿斑岩体开展了详细的岩石学,地球化学及S、O、Pb、Sr同位素等特征的研究,并探讨了成矿意义。结果表明:纳日贡玛成矿斑岩体大部分为高钾钙碱性花岗岩,部分为钾玄岩系花岗岩,Ti、Ta、Yb、Ba等元素亏损,富集Zr,Hf、Rb和轻稀土元素,中低初始锶比值结合铅同位素分析结果表明它们主要来源于青藏高原加厚的下部地壳熔融,具有幔源成分的混染。