Fate of Benzalkonium Chloride in a Sewage Sludge Low Temperature Conversion Process Investigated by LC‐LC/ESI‐MS/MS

Thermocatalytic low temperature conversion (LTC) is a new method for the disposal of sewage sludge. Using this method, sludge is converted into a residual solid (coal) along with reaction water, oil, and non‐condensable gases. The oil can be used as an energy source and the coal as a substitute for charcoal. To this end, it is important to determine whether there are any easily available contaminants present in the coal generated by the process. Contaminants that can be strongly sorbed by sewage sludge solids are, e. g., pharmaceuticals and disinfectants. As an example the fate of the persistent and strong adsorbing disinfectant benzalkonium chloride (BAC) has been investigated within the LTC process. The sewage sludge was spiked with BAC and then subjected to the LTC process. The resulting coal was extracted and analyzed using LC‐LC/ESI‐MS/MS (ion trap). BAC could not be detected in the LTC coal, although it could be extracted from the spiked sludge before the LTC treatment. It can thus be concluded that the investigated compound is not easily available in the coal, and hence that its use does not present a risk.     

Graphisches Konstruktionsschema zur Bestimmung der Bewegungsparameter eines drallstabilisierten Flugkörpers mit Nutationsdämpfung unter dem Einflusz von Lagekorrekturimpulsen

Zusammenfassung Es wird gezeigt, daß die unter der Einwirkung einer Momentenimpulsserie entstehende Bewegung eines rotierenden Flugkörpers mit Nutationsdämpfung sich vollständig einem regelmäßigen Polygon entnehmen läßt, das durch das Trägheitsmomentenverhältnis, den Integralwert eines Einzelimpulses, den Drall und eine die Dämpfung charakterisierende KonstanteK ₀ bestimmt ist.Die Bewegung setzt sich aus logarithmischen Spiralen zusammen, derenn-ten Anfangsradius man erhält, indem man den Teilungspunkt des im VerhältnisK ₀:1 geteilten (n–1)-ten Radius mit der (n+1)-ten Polygonecke verbindet.Es wird bewiesen, daß das Konstruktionsnetz zu einem im äußeren Polygon liegenden ähnlichen inneren Polygon konvergiert, das gegenüber ersterem gedreht ist.Einfache Beziehungen zur Bewegungsbestimmung mit dem Polygonschema werden für Pulsfrequenzen angegeben, die ganzzahlige Vielfache oder Bruchteile der Spinfrequenz sind.

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It is shown that the motion of a spinning body with nutation damping due to a series of torque pulses can be completely derived from a regular polygon determined by the ratio of inertias, the integral of one pulse, the momentum and a constantK ₀ characterizing damping.The motion is composed of spirals thenth initial radius of which is obtained by connecting the dividing point of the (n–1)th radius with the (n+1)th polygon corner. Each dividing point divides the respective radius in the ratioK ₀:1. The net of construction lines converges into an inner polygon turned against the outer one and having the same shape.Simple rules are shown for the application of the scheme on pulse frequencies which are multiples or fractions of spin frequency.

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Symbole 1-2-3 Achsen des flugkörperfesten Koordinatensystems - a,b,c Hilfsgrößen zur Bestimmung der Iterationsgrößen - E _i i-te Polygonecke - H Drall des Flugkörpers - K _i Verhältnis deri-ten Drehzeigerlängen zu Beginn und am Ende eines Impulses - M Iterationsmatrix - Integralwert des Momentenimpulses - P ₀ Äußeres Polygon - P ₁ Spitze des Drehzeigersr _00e - P Drehpunkt des Drehzeigersr ₀₀ - P Konvergierendes Polygon - P _i Teilungspunkt des [i–1]-ten Zeigers - r _0i Drehzeiger aufgrund desi-ten Impulses allein - r _0ia Zeigerr _0i in Anfangslage - r _0ie Zeigerr _0i in Endlage - r _i i-ter Summenzeiger - r _ia Zeigerr _i in Anfangslage - r _ie Zeigerr _i in Endlage - T Dauer einer Flugkörperumdrehung - t,t, Zeitargumente - x-y-z Achsen eines raumfesten Koordinatensystems - x _i ,y _i Iterationskoordinaten - _n Phase desn-ten Radius gegenüber der anliegenden Polygonseite - Drehung des inneren Polygons gegenüber dem äußeren - Abklingkonstante - Phasenänderung des Drehzeigers innerhalb einer Flugkörperumdrehung - ₀ Anteil der über 2 hinausgehenden Phasenänderung des Drehzeigers - ₃ Trägheitsmoment um die Spinachse - ₁₂ Trägheitsmoment um die Querachsen - Zahl der Ecken des Konstruktionspolygons - _1,2 Eigenwerte der Iterationsmatrix - Zahl der vollen Umläufe des Konstruktionspolygons - Fortbewegungsachse des Drallvektors - ₀ Ausgangsphasenwinkel - _i Phasenlage desi-ten Summenzeigers - _x, _y Drehwinkel nach Einzelimpuls fürt - , Funktionen der Iterationsgrößen - , Drehwinkel umx-bzw.y-Achse - Drehgeschwindigkeit der Spinachse um den Drallvektor - Fiktive Größen bei Pulsfrequenzen kleiner als Spinfrequenz - Fiktive Größen bei Pulsfrequenzen größer als Spinfrequenz     

A Green Planet Versus a Desert World: Estimating the Maximum Effect of Vegetation on the Land Surface Climate

We quantify the maximum possible influence of vegetation on the global climate by conducting two extreme climate model simulations: in a first simulation (desert world), values representative of a desert are used for the land surface parameters for all non glaciated land regions. At the other extreme, a second simulation is performed (green planet) in which values are used which are most beneficial for the biosphere's productivity. Land surface evapotranspiration more than triples in the presence of the green planet, land precipitation doubles (as a second order effect) and near surface temperatures are lower by as much as 8 K in the seasonal mean resulting from the increase in latent heat flux. The differences can be understood in terms of more absorbed radiation at the surface and increased recycling of water. Most of the increase in net surface radiation originates from less thermal radiative loss and not from increases in solar radiation which would be expected from the albedo change. To illustrate the differences in climatic character and what it would imply for the vegetation type, we use the Köppen climate classification. Both cases lead to similar classifications in the extra tropics and South America indicating that the character of the climate is not substantially altered in these regions. Fundamental changes occur over Africa, South Asia and Australia, where large regions are classified as arid (grassland/desert) climate in the desert world simulation while classified as a forest climate in the green planet simulation as a result of the strong influence of maximum vegetation on the climate. This implies that these regions are especially sensitive to biosphere-atmosphere interaction.     

The Lancang River Zone of southwestern Yunnan, China: A questionable location for the active continental margin of Paleotethys

In an attempt to constrain a Late Paleozoic tectono-metamorphic event along the Lancang River Zone, fourteen samples were processed for K/Ar dating on fine mineral fractions and detrital muscovites from this zone in southwestern Yunnan, China. The samples include mica schists, mylonites and gneisses from the Proterozoic Lancang Group and phyllites from the western part of the Simao Basin. In addition, one Ar/Ar analysis was performed on separated phengites from a blueschist of the central part of the Lancang Group. The results reveal a considerable spread of ages; the tectonic evolution of the zone is constrained by the new data, which accentuate two temporally separate, but spatially overlapping events: (i) a Late Carboniferous high-P/low-T metamorphism related to an east-vergent, Late Paleozoic thrust belt, inverting a Devonian to Carboniferous marginal basin of the Yangtze-Platform, and (ii) an upper Permian and Triassic low-P/high-T belt caused by a post-orogenic stage of rifting with distinct petrological and geochemical similarities of the igneous rocks to the Emeishan Large Igneous Province. These results imply that no active continental margin accounts for the subduction of the Paleotethys main branch, proposed to be recorded either along the Lancang River or the Changning-Menglian Belt.     

Evidence for Holocene environmental changes in the northern Fertile Crescent provided by pedogenic carbonate coatings

Holocene environmental changes in the northern Fertile Crescent remain poorly understood because of the scarcity of local proxy records in the region. In this study we investigated pedogenic (soil-formed) carbonate coatings on stones at the Pre-Pottery Neolithic site Göbekli Tepe as an indicator of local early-mid Holocene environmental changes. The ¹⁴C ages and stable isotopic composition of carbon and oxygen in thin (0.2–0.3 mm thick) pedogenic carbonate lamina indicate two main periods of coating formation: the early-Holocene (ca. 10000–6000 cal yr BP) and the mid-Holocene (ca. 6000–4000 cal yr BP). During the first period, there was an inverse relationship between δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O curves: a decrease in δ¹³C values coincide with an increase in δ¹⁸O values. For this period a trend towards higher temperatures is suggested. In the mid-Holocene, the mean rate of coating growth was 2–3 times higher than in the early Holocene. Both δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O reached their maximum values during this time and the direction of changes of the δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O curves became similar. The combination of data suggests that this period was the most humid in the Holocene and on average warmer than the early Holocene. At ca. 4000 cal yr BP secondary accumulation of carbonate ceased, presumably reflecting a shift to a more arid climate.     

Validation of the hydrologic evaluation of landfill performance (HELP) model for simulating the water balance of cover systems

 Simulation models can be efficient tools for several tasks especially in planning. In the USA, the HELP model was developed to simulate the water balance of landfill liner systems, especially of cover systems. HELP version 3 was examined in a German climate in an extensive validation study, and a German adaptation was developed. The validation study consists of three parts: a methodological part (meaning, aims and procedure of validation), a theoretical part (comparison of the modelling approach with the state of science, comparison of documentation, literature and source code), and a practical part (sensitivity analyses and operational validation). In the operational validation, measured and simulated discharges and actual evapotranspiration data of test fields on the landfill Hamburg-Georgswerder from 1988 to 1995 were compared. Limitations, weak points, and errors of the HELP model are shown. The HELP model is a suitable tool for experts in hydrology; but good knowledge of the model and its behaviour and critical review of the simulation results are essential. Received: 14 May 1999 · Accepted: 23 September 1999     

On multicomponent gas diffusion and coupling concepts for porous media and free flow: a benchmark study

Computational Geosciences - Multicomponent gas transport in porous media and at the interface between porous media and free flow occurs in a wide range of technical and environmental systems....     

冬小麦基肥尿素氮的N_2排放损失（英文）

准确定量施肥农田土壤的N_2排放仍然困难。本研究基于华北冬小麦季的一次基肥(尿素150 kg N ha~(–1))施用事件,采用氦培养-直接测定N_2法,在与田间土壤温度和氧气含量一致的条件下测定鲜土的N_2和N_2O排放。结果显示:施肥和灌溉/降雨事件共同促进N_2和N_2O出现峰值排放;施肥导致N_2O/(N_2O+N_2)摩尔比增加至0.25;基肥施用后的一个月内,土壤N_2和N_2+N_2O排放损失分别占肥料氮投入的1.6%和2.2%。我们的结果证实了广泛采用的乙炔抑制法极大的低估了冬小麦田石灰性土壤N_2排放造成的肥料氮素损失。