Caliches: A newly-formed boundary carbonate material in soils

Regularities in the localization and formation of caliches are considered. Caliche represents a carbonate material newly formed at the interface of atmosphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere frequently due to the formation of soil horizons. Particular attention is paid to carbonate crusts and encrustations on pebbles submerged into soils in southern Kazakhstan and the western United States.     

Modeling the dynamics of a plasma bulge with a high specific energy in the upper atmosphere. 2. Numerical simulation and physical features of a large-scale plasma flow at its late development stage: A review

The results of three-dimensional calculations of a plasma flow caused by a cosmic nuclear explosion, performed in an MHD approximation, are presented. The main regularities and specific features of the development of a large-scale plasma flow have been analyzed for a later stage (up to several hundreds of seconds) depending on the altitude and plasma bulge energy.     

Approximate method for estimating plasma ionization characteristics based on numerical simulation of the dynamics of a plasma bunch with a high specific energy in the upper ionosphere

The spatiotemporal pattern for the development of a plasma cloud formed in the ionosphere and the main cloud gas-dynamic characteristics have been obtained from 3D calculations of the explosion-type plasmodynamic flows previously performed by us. An approximate method for estimating the plasma temperature and ionization degree with the introduction of the effective adiabatic index has been proposed based on these results.     

Zone of Catagenetic Hydromicatization of Clays—An Area of Intense Redistribution of Chemical Elements: Communication 2. Mineralogical–Geochemical Peculiarities of the Zone of Catagenetic Illitization

Using the moving window method, extensive geochemical data on the sections drilled by the Kuban superdeep borehole and exposed in the middle stream of the Sulak River were analyzed. It is shown that the zone of catagenetic fluidization and development of mixed-layer clay minerals is marked by the redistribution of chemical elements. Forcing mechanism of this process is the conversion of smectites to illite and transformation of dispersed organic matter under the growing temperature and pressure.     

Association of manganese ore and phosphorite-bearing facies in sedimentary sequences: Communication 1. Parastereses and parageneses of phosphorus and manganese in Mesozoic-Cenozoic and Upper Paleozoic rocks

It is shown that cooccurrences (parastereses) of chemical elements, minerals, sedimentary rocks, facies, and formations should be distinguished from their parageneses, which represent geological formations related to a single geological process. It has been established that phosphorus is concentrated in sedimentary manganese ores and is not accumulated in volcanosedimentary and hydrothermal deposits. Parageneses of Mn and P in sedimentary deposits are characterized. Parastereses of manganese ore and phosphorite-bearing facies in Oligocene rocks of southwestern Eurasia, Mesozoic and Upper Paleozoic sections of the Urals, and Mesozoic- Cenozoic sequences of Morocco are considered.     

Facies types of sedimentary iron ore deposits and their geochemical features: Communication 2. Problems of the geochemistry of phanerozoic iron ores

Mineralogical-geochemical features of different facies types of sedimentary iron ore deposits are described. Particular attention is paid to deposits associated with the weathering crusts of ultramafic igneous rocks and to marine oolitic iron ores. The multistage formation of their geochemical properties is proved available geochemical models are considered.