Distinctive erosional and depositional structures formed at a canyon mouth: A lower Pleistocene deep‐water succession in the Kazusa forearc basin on the Boso Peninsula,Japan

The canyon mouth is an important component of submarine‐fan systems and is thought to play a significant role in the transformation of turbidity currents. However, the depositional and erosional structures that characterize canyon mouths have received less attention than other components of submarine‐fan systems. This study investigates the facies organization and geometry of turbidites that are interpreted to have developed at a canyon mouth in the early Pleistocene Kazusa forearc basin on the Boso Peninsula, Japan. The canyon‐mouth deposits have the following distinctive features: (i) The turbidite succession is thinner than both the canyon‐fill and submarine‐fan successions and is represented by amalgamation of sandstones and pebbly sandstones as a result of bypassing of turbidity currents. (ii) Sandstone beds and bedsets show an overall lenticular geometry and are commonly overlain by mud drapes, which are massive and contain fewer bioturbation structures than do the hemipelagic muddy deposits. (iii) The mud drapes have a microstructure characterized by aggregates of clay particles, which show features similar to those of fluid‐mud deposits, and are interpreted to represent deposition from fluid mud developed from turbidity current clouds. (iv) Large‐scale erosional surfaces are infilled with thick‐bedded to very thick‐bedded turbidites, which show lithofacies quite similar to those of the surrounding deposits, and are considered to be equivalent to scours. (v) Concave‐up erosional surfaces, some of which face in the upslope direction, are overlain by backset bedding, which is associated with many mud clasts. (vi) Tractional structures, some of which are equivalent to coarse‐grained sediment waves, were also developed, and were overlain locally by mud drapes, in association with mud drape‐filled scours, cut and fill structures and backset bedding. The combination of these outcrop‐scale erosional and depositional structures, together with the microstructure of the mud drapes, can be used to identify canyon‐mouth deposits in ancient deep‐water successions.     

Forecasting Hourly Roadside Particulate Matter in Taipei County of Taiwan Based on First‐Order and One‐Variable Grey Model

In this study, seven types of first‐order and one‐variable grey differential equation model (abbreviated as GM (1, 1) model) were used to forecast hourly roadside particulate matter (PM) including PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 concentrations in Taipei County of Taiwan. Their forecasting performance was also compared. The results indicated that the minimum mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), mean squared error (MSE), root mean squared error (RMSE), and maximum correlation coefficient (R) was 11.70%, 60.06, 7.75, and 0.90%, respectively when forecasting PM₁₀. When forecasting PM_2.5, the minimum MAPE, MSE, RMSE, and maximum R‐value of 16.33%, 29.78, 5.46, and 0.90, respectively could be achieved. All statistical values revealed that the forecasting performance of GM (1, 1, x⁽⁰⁾), GM (1, 1, a), and GM (1, 1, b) outperformed other GM (1, 1) models. According to the results, it revealed that GM (1, 1) was an efficiently early warning tool for providing PM information to the roadside inhabitants.     

菲律宾Zambales蛇绿岩套的再研究：对其特提斯来源的启示

A number of geological studies have already been conducted on the Zambales Ophiolite Complex (ZOC), a north-south trending complete ophiolite sequence exposed in the western portion of Central Luzon, Philippines. Previous works recognized the ZOC as being made up of two blocks, the Acoje and the Coto, acting as an arc-back arc pair sometime during the Eocene.     

湘南荷花坪锡多金属矿床稀有气体同位素特征及其地质意义

荷花坪锡多金属矿床是南岭中段湘南地区新发现的一个大型矿床,发育有印支期和燕山期2期成岩、成矿作用。文章对不同期矿石中的黄铁矿分别进行了稀有气体同位素研究。测试结果表明,印支期矽卡岩型矿石中的黄铁矿:³He/⁴He=0.15～2.49 Ra,³⁸Ar/³⁶Ar=0.18733～0.18902,⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar=310.45～523.98,²⁰Ne/²²Ne=9.727～9.830,²¹Ne/²²Ne=0.0286～0.0310;燕山期蚀变碎裂岩型矿石中的黄铁矿:³He/⁴He=0.15～4.33 Ra,³⁸Ar/³⁶Ar=0.18750～0.18843,⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar=331.78～602.62,²⁰Ne/²²Ne=9.736～9.858,²¹Ne/²²Ne=0.0286～0.0305,显示区内两期成矿流体均为大气饱和水、地壳流体和地幔流体的混合流体。印支期矽卡岩型矿石中地幔He所占比例为2.34%～41.40%,平均18.16%;燕山期蚀变碎裂岩型矿石中地幔He所占比例为2.34%～72.12%,平均27.41%,燕山期幔源流体的作用强度略高于印支期。湘南地区印支期基性岩浆活动及荷花坪矿床印支期成矿过程中有幔源物质的参与,二者共同指示南岭地区中生代构造体制的转换或岩石圈伸展减薄可能始于印支主期(244～230 Ma)之后的224 Ma左右,即晚三叠世。     

Fifteen years progress of the TRITON array in the Western Pacific and Eastern Indian Oceans

The Triangle Trans‐Ocean Buoy Network (TRITON) project by the Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology began with deployment in the western tropical Pacific Ocean in 1998 and has shifted to steady, long-term observations since 1999. After on-site inter-comparison with the Autonomous Temperature Line Acquisition System mooring system of the Tropical Atmosphere and Ocean (TAO) array by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the TRITON array became the international TAO/TRITON array in 2000 as a key component of the Global Ocean and Climate Observing Systems. The TAO/TRITON array took over from the TAO array, which was developed during the Tropical Ocean and Global Atmosphere program (1985–1994), and replaced the western part of TAO with new additional real-time measurements of salinity and ocean currents. In 2001, two TRITON moorings were deployed in the eastern Indian Ocean for capturing the eastern pole of the Indian Ocean Dipole. From this initiative, the Indian Ocean Observing System (IndOOS) was designed, and the Indian Ocean mooring array (Research Moored Array for Africa–Asian–Australian Monsoon Analysis and Prediction) was developed as a key component of IndOOS. In this paper, 15 years of progress in the TRITON project in the western Pacific and eastern Indian Oceans is reviewed with regards to scientific outcomes, technological development, and collaborations with international and domestic partners. Future directions for sustainable observation in the Pacific and Indian Oceans are also discussed.     

Influence of interaction between small asperities on various types of slow earthquakes in a 3-D simulation for a subduction plate boundary

Recently, the occurrence of slow earthquakes such as low-frequency earthquakes and very low-frequency earthquakes have been recognized at depths of about 30 km in southwest Japan and Cascadia. These slow earthquakes occur sometimes in isolation and sometimes break into chain-reaction, producing tremor that migrates at a speed of about 5–15 km/day and suggesting a strong interaction among nearby small asperities. In this study, we formulate a 3-D subduction plate boundary model with two types of small asperities chained along the trench at the depth of 30 km. Our simulation succeeds in representing various types of slow earthquakes including low-frequency earthquakes and rapid slip velocity in the same asperity, and indicates that interaction between asperities may cause the very low-frequency earthquakes. Our simulation also shows chain reaction along trench with propagation speed that can be made consistent with observations by adjusting model parameters, which suggests that the interactions also explain the observed migration of slow earthquakes.     

In Search of the Cretaceous-Tertiary Boundary in Heilongjiang River Area of China

Abstract A new geological section recognized in Baishantou of Jiayin, Heilongjiang Province, China, was studied preliminarily in searching for the K/T boundary. An early Paleocene florule characrerized by abundant Tiliaephyllum tsagajanicum leaves and its associated plants, was collected from the Baishantou Member (new member representing the lower part of the Paleocene Wuyun Formation) overlying the possible K/T boundary. A tuff bed was found from the upper part of the Furao Formation (uppermost Cretaceous) in this section. The new findings imply that the K/T boundary is probable lying in the interval between the base of the Baishantou Member and the tuff bed, based on the correlation of the present strata with the stratotype of the Tsagajan Group spanning the K/T boundary in "Belaya Gara" of the Bureya Basin, Russia. The early Paleocene florule from the Baishantou Member and the early-middle Maastrichtian dinosaurs found from the Yuliangzi Formation underlying the Furao Formation suggest that the Baishantou section is more promising for searching for the K/T boundary in this area. Further studies of the section is needed, integrating paleontological, biostratigraphic, geochemical, paleomagnetic, and sedimentary research would benefit our understanding the mass extinction event and biotic recovery in the Heilongjiang River area, China, and even all of northeast Asia during the K/T boundary interval.     

He, Sr and Nd isotopes of mantle-derived xenoliths in volcanic rocks of NE China

Abundances and isotopic ratios of He and isotopic ratios of Sr and Nd have been measured for 18 mantle-derived xenoliths from three Cenozoic volcanic provinces in NE China. The xenoliths are characterized by low He concentrations (2.3×10⁻⁹–2.5×10⁻⁷ cm³ STP g⁻¹) and large variations of ³He/⁴He ratios (1.6×10⁻⁷–15.8×10⁻⁶ or R/Ra=0.1–11). ³He/⁴He, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr and ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd ratios in xenoliths from Kuandian Holocene volcanic provinces are consistent with those observed in mid-oceanic ridge basalt (MORB), indicating that the source of He–Sr–Nd in the lithospheric mantle is chemically and isotopically identical to that of MORB reservoir. However, xenoliths in Huinan Pleisteocene–Holocene volcanic province are characterized by slightly low ³He/⁴He ratios (R/Ra=4.3–6.5) and more radiogenic Sr and Nd. The age-corrected ³He/⁴He ratios suggest that their time-integrated ratio of (U+Th)/³He is slightly elevated compared to the depleted upper mantle. The Hannuoba xenoliths in the Miocene volcanic province show much lower and wider variable ³He/⁴He ratios, which is most likely caused by in situ radiogenic ⁴He accumulation since it erupted on to the surface. The He–Sr–Nd results suggest chemical and isotopical heterogeneity in the subcontinental mantle beneath NE China.     

Emission-line profiles from self-gravitating toroids around black holes

We have computed line profiles from self-gravitating toroids around black holes. The specific angular momentum of the toroids is assumed to be constant in space. The images of the toroids show peculiar features in the far sides of the black holes. Concerning the line profiles, the red wing extends to the very low frequency region because the location of the inner edge is rather near the event horizon of the black hole and consequently the velocity of the inner edges of the toroids can be greater than that of the Kepler discs.