有限区域海面风场数值模式的建立

目前,国内外大尺度天气预报数值模式已经取得很大成就,如在预报地面气旋系统的移动和发展等方面。然而,这些模式的铅直分辨率一般不高,通常不包括边界层的动力过程,因而,在预报海面风场上,数值天气预报模式还没有令人满意的效果。目前所用的边界层预报模式尽管具有较高的水平分辨率和垂直分辨率,但要求大量的计算和资料,很难用于日常业务预报;另一种边界层诊断模式,用到的风场数据是气象工作者从天气形势(大尺度)分析中,通过差值等方法获得的,缺乏针对性,而且精度较低(WMO,1988;WMO,1990)。 作者认为,适于海洋要素预报的风场模式应是定位于有限区域,或称中尺度模式,并根据台站的具体资料来源和工作状况力争建立一套适于海洋要素预报的中尺度风场数值模式。鉴于以上,作者建立了一个适于海洋要素预报的有限区域海面风场数值模式。模式采用符合动力及热力学条件的简化方程组对大尺度风场进行加密,通过数值模拟得到适于海洋要素预报的有限区域海面风场。并将该模式运用于渤海这一有限区域,获得了良好的效果,说明该模式对海洋要素预报具有很好的应用前景。     

00~h00~m 00°00′天区的类星体物端棱镜光谱巡天(Ⅴ)巡天结果的讨论(英文)

本文总结巡天的结果并对结果进行讨论,同时发表69个Q=3的紫外超天体的坐标,B_J~*及证认图。     

周期和振幅相结合检测地震方法研究

分析了单纯用地震波振幅作为报警阈值的缺点,通过数字地震仪与模拟地震仪报警机制的对比,提出用检测周期和振幅相结合的方法来实现地震报警.     

Non‐uniqueness of critical state line in compression and extension conditions

Experimental evidence has indicated that the critical state line determined from undrained compression tests is not identical to that determined from undrained extension tests. The purpose of this paper is to investigate a modelling method that accounts for the non‐uniqueness of critical state lines in the compression and the extension testing conditions. Conventional elastic–plastic cap models can predict only a unique critical state line for the compression and the extension tests. A new micromechanical stress–strain model is developed considering explicitly the location of critical state line. The model is then used to simulate undrained triaxial compression and extension tests performed on isotropically consolidated samples with different over‐consolidated ratios. The predictions are compared with experimental results as well as that predicted by models with kinematic hardening of yield surface. All simulations demonstrate that the proposed micromechanical approach is capable of modelling the undrained compression and the undrained extension tests. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A finite element analysis of tidal deformation of the entire earth with a discontinuous outer layer

Tidal deformation of the Earth is normally calculated using the analytical solution with some simplified assumptions, such as the Earth is a perfect sphere of continuous media. This paper proposes an alternative way, in which the Earth crust is discontinuous along its boundaries, to calculate the tidal deformation using a finite element method. An in-house finite element code is firstly introduced in brief and then extended here to calculate the tidal deformation. The tidal deformation of the Earth due to the Moon was calculated for an geophysical earth model with the discontinuous outer layer and compared with the continuous case. The preliminary results indicate that the discontinuity could have different effects on the tidal deformation in the local zone around the fault, but almost no effects on both the locations far from the fault and the global deformation amplitude of the Earth. The localized deformation amplitude seems to depend much on the relative orientation between the fault strike direction and the loading direction (i.e. the location of the Moon) and the physical property of the fault.     

应力作用下煤层气非稳定耦合渗流模型及数值模拟

基于多孔介质渗流力学和流固耦合理论,建立了应力作用下煤储层中煤层气流固耦合数学模型,并根据数学模型的非线性特性,采用多重物理量耦合软件COMSOL Multiphysic进行数值模拟分析,通过模拟结果研究了煤岩体中压力和浓度的分布特性,并且研究了耦合与非耦合情况下压力动态曲线,为模拟煤层气产量预测和预防矿井瓦斯突出提供了理论依据。     

A comparative study of nutrient transfer via surface runoff from two small agricultural catchments in north China

A field study was conducted to determine the effect of landscape spatial pattern and micro-topography on nutrient transfer via runoff from two catchments into Yuqiao Reservoir in north China. The surface runoff discharge was measured during rainfall events and water samples were analyzed in 2004 and 2005. The mean annual total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) exports per unit area from Caogezhuang catchment (C catchment) were 1.048 and 0.561 kg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹, respectively, while the TN and TP exports from Taohuasi catchment (T catchment) were 0.158 and 0.027 kg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹. In both catchments, village and vineyard shared the highest nutrient export ability due to the accumulated animal waste and heavy application of fertilizer and manure. In T catchment, the distance of village and vineyard was about 1,500 m away from the receiving water and in between were woodland and cropland. In the hydrological pathway, there were sink landscape structures of small stone dams, roadside swale, vegetated filter strip and dry ponds, which could detain water and nutrients. In C catchment, the distance between the village and the receiving water was about 200 m, and the hydrological pathway was compacted roads and ditches with no sink structures. It is suggested that the distance between the pollution source area and the receiving water and the micro-topographical features were the main factors to control the great difference in nutrient export rates.     

Assessing pollutions of soil and plant by municipal waste dump

Research is few in the literature regarding the investigation and assessment of pollutions of soil and plant by municipal waste dumps. Based upon previous work in seven waste dumping sites (nonsanitary landfills) in Beijing, Shanghai and Shijiazhuang, this study expounds the investigation and assessment method and report major pollutants. Using relative background values, this study assesses soil pollution degree in the seven dumping sites. Preliminary conclusions are: (1) pollution degrees are moderate or heavy; (2) pollution distance by domestic waste that is dumped on a plane ground is 85 m; (3) the horizontal transport distance of pollutants might be up to 120 m if waste leachates are directly connected with water in saturated soils; (4) vertical transport depth is about 3 m in unsaturated silty clayey soils. Furthermore, using relative background values and hygiene standards of food and vegetable this study assesses the pollutions of different parts of reed, sorghum, watermelon and sweet-melon. It is found: (1) in comparison with the relative background values in a large distance to the waste dumping sites, domestic wastes have polluted the roots and stems of reed and sorghum, whereas fine coal ash has polluted the leaves, rattans and fruits of watermelon and sweet-melon; (2) domestic wastes and fine coal ash have heavily polluted the edible parts of sorghum, water melon and sweet-melon. As, Hg, Pb and F have far exceeded standard values, e.g., Hg has exceeded the standard value by up to 650–1,700 times and Cd by 120–275 times, and the comprehensive pollution index is up to 192.9–369.7; (3) the polluted sorghum, watermelon and sweet-melon are inedible.     

GPS RTK在航测成图高程测量中的探讨与研究

本文探讨了GPS RTK定位技术在大面积1：1000航测成图高程测量方案中的实施，对布网方案进行了研究与探讨，并对GPS RTK用于高程测量的精度进行了分析，对其应用前景作出评价。