人口密度对居民通勤时耗的影响及条件效应——来自上海证据

基于上海市1 605个居民抽样样本,利用多层次线性回归模型,探讨了街道尺度人口密度对个体居民通勤时耗的影响及条件效应。在控制了个体社会经济属性、通勤方式和其他建成环境要素后发现,高人口密度总体上会增加居民通勤时耗,而且其作用是有条件的,主要受“设计”“地铁站可达性”“到就业中心距离”和“通勤方式”的调节。具体而言,提高街道路网密度和高速路密度,缩短居住地到就业中心距离,提高地铁站密度,鼓励居民采用地铁方式通勤,减少小汽车使用,都可以显著降低人口密度对通勤时耗的增加作用。因而,通过优化城市建成环境和调节人口密度来降低过长的通勤时耗是可行的。     

网湖银鱼的繁殖、食性与生长

研究了网湖太湖新银鱼和寡齿新银鱼的繁殖,食性和生长等生物学特征,并就网湖银鱼增殖的措施进行了探讨。两种银鱼的副性征出现时间分别为１０月和１１月。平均绝对怀卵量为１５０６粒和５６９粒。     

2004年6月江西降水异常偏少成因初探

通过分析2004年6月副高、阻高系统的特征,并将其与历史少雨年和多雨年差值场做对比得出：2004年6月西太平洋副高偏东偏北、鄂霍次克海阻高偏弱是江西降雨偏少的重要原因;6月500hPa高度距平场沿东亚沿岸呈“- ＋ -”分布有利江西少雨.利用OLR资料分析ITCZ与江西6月降水以及与副高的关系得出：ITCZ偏强有利江西少雨和有利副高脊线偏北.     

Finite element analysis of consolidation of layered clay soils using an elastic visco-plastic model

This paper presents a general one-dimensional (1-D) finite element (FE) procedure for a highly non-linear 1-D elastic visco-plastic (1-D EVP) model proposed by Yin and Graham for consolidation analysis of layered clay soils. In formulating the 1-D FE procedure, a trapezoidal formula is used to avoid the unsymmetry of the stiffness matrix for a Newton (modified Newton) iteration scheme. Unlike many other 1-D FE approaches in which the initial in situ stresses (or stress/strain states) are considered indirectly or even not considered, the initial in situ stress/strain states are taken into account directly in this paper. The proposed FE procedure is used for analysis of 1-D consolidation of a clay with published test results in the literature. The FE modelling results are in good agreement with the measured results. The FE model and procedure is then used to analyse the consolidation of a multi-layered clay soils with a parametric study on the effects of the variations of creep parameters in Yin and Graham's 1-D EVP model. It is found that the creep parameters ψ/V and t₀ have significant influence on the compression and porewater pressure dissipation. For some boundary conditions, changes of parameters in one layer will have some effects on the consolidation behaviour of another layer due to the different consolidation rates. Finally, the importance of initial stress/strain states is illustrated and discussed. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

2020-01-19伽师6.4级地震前后视应力变化

柯坪块体中强地震频发,为获得更多的震情判定依据,利用新疆区域地震台网提供的数字地震学波形资料,计算柯坪块体2010~2020年M_L≥3.0地震的视应力值,讨论震源参数的标度关系,并分析柯坪块体5.0级及以上地震和伽师6.4级地震前后视应力的时空变化特征。结果表明,视应力和震级呈正相关关系;柯坪块体5.0级及以上地震前,视应力值在时间和空间上均出现不同程度的高值异常;伽师6.4级地震发生在视应力高值过程中,且震前5个月在震中区出现视应力高值异常。     

Prestack seismic stochastic inversion based on statistical characteristic parameters

In the conventional stochastic inversion method, the spatial structure information of underground strata is usually characterized by variograms. However, effect...     

企鹅粪土层中石英砂表面的化学溶蚀形貌及实验模拟

利用电镜扫描的方法分析了南极阿德雷岛Y2湖企鹅粪土沉积层中石英砂微形貌的特征,发现在企鹅粪含量高的沉积层中石英砂表面具有明显的碗状溶蚀坑等化学溶蚀特征,这一溶蚀特征在Y2湖企鹅粪含量低的沉积层和研究区的其他未受企鹅粪影响的沉积环境中均未明显出现。为了揭示这一特殊化学溶蚀现象的作用机制,根据Y2湖企鹅粪土沉积层自然沉积环境,通过条件实验确定在实验室内使用酸性较高的氟溶液(1mol.L-1HF溶液)对石英砂进行溶蚀实验,通过对比分析发现,实验室模拟条件下可以得到与企鹅粪土沉积层中石英砂相近的表面微形貌特征,这表明它们是在相似的过程中形成的。企鹅粪土沉积层酸性高氟环境中可能存在的HF酸化学溶蚀作用是形成企鹅粪土层中石英砂表面特有溶蚀坑的主要原因。在南极特殊的自然条件下碗状溶蚀坑与企鹅粪之间存在一定的因果关系,从而使石英砂的表面微形貌分析成为南极企鹅生态研究的一种新的辅助手段。     

Progress and prospects of applied research on physical geography and the living environment in China over the past 70 years (1949–2019)

Physical geography is a basic research subject of natural sciences.Its research object is the natural environment which is closely related to human living and development,and China's natural environment is complex and diverse.According to national needs and regional development,physical geographers have achieved remarkable achievements in applied basis and applied research,which also has substantially contributed to the planning of national economic growth and social development,the protection of macro ecosystems and resources,and sustainable regional development.This study summarized the practice and application of physical geography in China over the past 70 years in the following fields:regional differences in natural environments and physical regionalization;land use and land cover changes;natural hazards and risk reduction;process and prevention of desertification;upgrading of medium-and low-yield fields in the Huang-Huai-Hai region;engineering construction in permafrost areas; geochemical element anomalies and the prevention and control of endemic diseases;positioning and observation of hysical geographical elements;and identification of geospatial differentiation and geographical detectors. Furthermore, we have proposed the future direction of applied research in the field of physical geography.     

Driving factors and spatiotemporal effects of environmental stress in urban agglomeration: Evidence from the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region of China

Environmental stress is used as an indicator of the overall pressure on regional environmental systems caused by the output of various pollutants as a result of human activities. Based on the pollutant emissions and socioeconomic databases of the counties in Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region, this paper comprehensively calculates the environmental stress index(ESI) for the urban agglomeration using the entropy weight method(EWM) at the county scale and analyzes the spatiotemporal patterns and the differences among the four types of major functional zones(MFZ) for the period 2012–2016. In addition, the socioeconomic driving forces of environmental stress are quantitatively estimated using the geographically weighted regression(GWR) method based on the STIRPAT model framework. The results show that:(1) The level of environmental stress in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region was significantly alleviated during that time period, with a decrease in ESI of 54.68% by 2016. This decrease was most significant in Beijing, Tangshan, Tianjin, Shijiazhuang, and other central urban areas, as well as the Binhai New Area. The level of environmental stress in counties decreased gradually from the central urban areas to the suburban areas, and the high-level stress counties were eliminated by 2016.(2) The spatial spillover effect of environmental stress increased further at the county scale from 2012 to 2016, and spatial locking and path dependence emerged in the cities of Tangshan and Tianjin.(3) Urbanized zones(development-optimized and development-prioritized zones) were the major areas bearing environmental pollution in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region in that time period. The ESI accounted for 65.98% of the whole region, where there was a need to focus on the prevention and control of environmental pollution.(4) The driving factors of environmental stress at the county scale included population size and the level of economic development. In addition, the technical capacity of environmental waste disposal, the intensity of agricultural production input, the intensity of territorial development, and the level of urbanization also had a certain degree of influence.(5) There was spatial heterogeneity in the effects of the various driving factors on the level of environmental stress. Thus, it was necessary to adopt differentiated environmental governance and reduction countermeasures in respect of emission sources, according to the intensity and spatiotemporal differences in the driving forces in order to improve the accuracy and adaptability of environmental collaborative control in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region.     

柴达木盆地北缘反S形褶皱冲断带变形机制的物理模拟研究

阿尔金断裂走滑变形的侧向传递十分有限,难以解释柴达木盆地北缘反S形褶皱冲断带的形成。本文设计的一组具有不同性质基底条件的弧形边界砂箱实验表明:刚性块体边界形态控制了褶皱冲断带走向和构造格局,同时基底力学性质也有部分影响作用,因而可用“刚性块体弧形边界联合作用”来解释其形成,即:1)冷湖反S形褶皱冲断带的形成是赛什腾山前弧形边界与昆特依凹陷弧形边界联合作用的结果;2)鄂博梁反S形褶皱冲断带的形成是昆特依凹陷与一里坪凹陷弧形边界联合作用的结果;3)位于一里坪凹陷南侧、与阿尔金断裂左行走滑变形呈反牵引关系的褶皱冲断带则与该凹陷西南侧向南西突出的弧形边界有关。