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161.
Features of the equatorial electrojet are studied at Sao Luiz (2.6°S, 44.2°W, inclination −0.25°) in eastern Brazil and Sikasso
(11.3°N, 5.7°W, inclination 0.1°) in the western African sector. The stations are situated on either side of the lowest magnetic
field intensity in the region of rapid changes in the declination. The daily variations of ΔX at the two stations are almost similar with the peak around noon with maximum values during equinoxes and minimum values
during J-solstices. Daily variations of ΔY differ with the maximum deviation of about −35 nT around noon at Sao Luiz and much smaller value of about −10 nT around 14 h
LT for Sikasso. The direction of the H vector varies from 15°W of north at 08 h to more than 30°W of north at 17 h for Sao Luiz and from 14°E of north to 25°W of
north at 18 h for Sikasso. The plot of the deviations in ΔX and ΔY at different hours for the two stations shows the points along narrow ellipses with major axis aligned along 22°W of north
for Sao Luiz and along 3°W of north for Sikasso as compared to declination of 20°W for Sao Luiz and 6°W for Sikasso. The deviations
in ΔX at the two stations are fairly well correlated. 相似文献
162.
Using the outputs of projections under the highest emission scenario of the representative concentration pathways performed by Earth system models (ESMs), we evaluate the ocean acidification rates of subsurface layers of the western North Pacific, where the strongest sink of atmospheric CO2 is found in the mid-latitudes. The low potential vorticity water mass called the North Pacific Subtropical Mode Water (STMW) shows large dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) concentration increase, and is advected southwestward, so that, in the sea to the south of Japan, DIC concentration increases and ocean acidification occurs faster than in adjacent regions. In the STMW of the Izu-Ogasawara region, the ocean acidification occurs with a pH decrease of ~0.004 year?1 , a much higher rate than the previously estimated global average (0.0023 year?1), so that the pH decreases by 0.3–0.4 during the twenty-first century and the saturation state of calcite (ΩCa) decreases from ~4.8 down to ~2.4. We find that the ESMs with a deeper mixed layer in the Kuroshio Extension region show a larger increase in DIC concentration within the Izu-Ogasawara region and within the Ryukyu Islands region. Comparing model results with the mixed layer depth obtained from the Argo dataset, we estimate that DIC concentration at a depth of ~200 m increases by 1.4–1.6 μmol kg?1 year?1 in the Izu-Ogasawara region and by 1.1–1.4 μmol kg?1 year?1 in the Ryukyu Islands region toward the end of this century. 相似文献
163.
Soil moisture dynamics under different land uses on karst hillslope in northwest Guangxi,China 总被引:5,自引:1,他引:5
Temporal and spatial dynamics of soil moisture are little known on karst hillslope with shallow soil in subtropical region.
The objectives of this paper were (1) to investigate the temporal dynamics of soil moisture at depth of 0–10 cm under different
land uses; and (2) to understand the relationship between mean and coefficient of variation (CV) of moisture contents on karst
hillslope in northwest Guangxi, China. Soil moisture contents had a moderate variation (CV 17.5–30.3%) over an 8-month period
and they had a significant difference among different land uses at the 0.01 level with a decreasing order: native scrubland > abandoned
cropland and sloping cropland > economic forestland. There were higher mean and lower CV of moisture contents in rainy season
than those in drought season. Mean and CV of moisture contents had a significant negative linear relationship except in abandoned
cropland with higher soil and vegetation heterogeneity. This suggested that spatial variability of soil moisture within sampling
sites would decrease when soils were wet and increase when soils were arid. Compared with rainy season, more soil samples
may be needed and the interval for sampling should be shortened in drought season. Such information provided some insights
to better understand the dynamics and variability of soil moisture at a larger scale in karst region of southwest China. 相似文献
164.
Numerical representations of a target reservoir can help to assess the potential of different development plans. To be as predictive as possible, these representations or models must reproduce the data (static, dynamic) collected on the field. However, constraining reservoir models to dynamic data – the history-matching process – can be very time consuming. Many uncertain parameters need to be taken into account, such as the spatial distribution of petrophysical properties. This distribution is mostly unknown and usually represented by millions of values populating the reservoir grid. Dedicated parameterization techniques make it possible to investigate many spatial distributions from a small number of parameters. The efficiency of the matching process can be improved from the perturbation of specific regions of the reservoir. Distinct approaches can be considered to define such regions. For instance, one can refer to streamlines. The leading idea is to identify areas that influence the production behavior where the data are poorly reproduced. Here, we propose alternative methods based on connectivity analysis to easily provide approximate influence areas for any fluid-flow simulation. The reservoir is viewed as a set of nodes connected by weighted links that characterize the distance between two nodes. The path between nodes (or grid blocks) with the lowest cumulative weight yields an approximate flow path used to define influence areas. The potential of the approach is demonstrated on the basis of 2D synthetic cases for the joint integration of production and 4D saturation data, considering several formulations for the weights attributed to the links. 相似文献
165.
Ellen K. Cromley 《GeoJournal》2009,74(2):115-121
Geocoding and spatial analysis of data describing populations and health events are important methods in health social science
now carried out using GIS technology. This commentary considers Nancy Krieger’s work on health disparities in light of the
various ways individuals and organizations use geocoded population and health data: analyzing spatial patterns of health and
disease including health disparities, aggregating data spatially, assessing health status of individuals based on characteristics
of aggregates, modeling neighborhood contextual factors affecting health, designing observation and intervention studies,
and delivering health interventions and services. The extent to which her work addresses each of these purposes is considered.
The strengths and limitations of the research including choice of spatial analytic units and techniques as reported in the
published work are discussed. Krieger’s work, with her colleagues, has used standard methods of spatial analysis to raise
the profile of GIS and spatial analysis in the public health community. 相似文献
166.
In coastal areas, abnormally high pressure may be caused by the tide-induced water table variation under extensive pavements,
particularly during rainfall. To simulate the rainfall infiltration effects on the air permeability of asphalt pavements in
coastal area, column-shaped asphalt sample was fixed in the upper part of a steel cylinder with its upper surface saturated
with ponding water (depth < 5 mm) and open to the atmosphere. The cylinder’s lower part formed an air chamber. The chamber
was pressurized and then the air therein was released naturally through the sample. The pressure variation with time in the
chamber was recorded for analysis. Based on the Green–Ampt piston model for the surface water infiltration, an approximate
analytical solution was derived to describe the pressure–time relationship in the chamber. A new parameter called the escape
pressure was introduced to describe the air pressure needed for the chamber air to break through the capillary pressure induced
by the ponding water. The analytical solution gave good estimations of both the escape pressures and the harmonic averages
of the permeabilities of the wet and dry parts of 14 samples in the sense that excellent fittings were obtained between the
observed and predicted air pressures in the air chamber. The estimated escape pressure ranges from 0.0 to 1.74 kPa. The harmonic
average of the permeabilities of the wet and dry parts is 5–94% of the dry sample’s permeability. 相似文献
167.
构造-蚀变岩相填图方法在南秦岭汉阴黄龙金矿中的应用 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
随着新一轮全国危机矿山找矿工作的开展,低成本、高效率的就矿找矿理论和方法对于一些老矿区的深部和外围找矿尤为重要。矿区构造-蚀变岩相填图的范围就是矿区勘查范围,在填图过程中把控岩构造、控矿构造、矿化蚀变等信息作为填图重点,以矿区地质图为底图,把野外填图过程中收集到的有关控矿构造、矿化蚀变等信息分期次,分不同特征等标示在底图上,形成控岩控矿构造实际材料图,在实际材料图基础上,编制矿区构造-蚀变岩相图,从而寻找主要的控矿构造和与矿化密切相关的蚀变岩相带,并为下一步矿区外围和深部找矿、工程布置提供靶区依据。黄龙金矿区位于扬子板块北缘南秦岭构造带,矿区志留系梅子垭组地层经历了多期构造变形,并叠加有区域变质和热液变质作用。本研究采用构造-蚀变岩相填编图的方法,在矿区填编出了3条脆-韧性剪切带和黑云母变斑晶化、硅化等蚀变岩相带,并认为脆-韧性剪切带、黑云母变斑晶化带、硅化带及蚀变岩相叠加带等蚀变与金矿体存在密切关系,是矿区下一步外围及深部找矿的重点靶区。 相似文献
168.
The characteristics of the seismic signals induced by landslides using a coupling of discrete element and finite difference methods 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Landslide seismic signals support researchers to estimate magnitudes and locations of landslides. They can serve as a crucial data for landslide warning systems. However, the randomness of landslide locations makes the acquisition of landslide-induced seismic signals difficult and limits the number of available field data. The objectives of this study are to establish a numerical modeling approach to examine the characteristics of seismic signals induced by landslides and perform parametrical study. The two-dimensional particle flow code (PFC) and Fast Lagrangian Analysis of Continua (FLAC) are coupled to simulate the landslide process. The force and velocity data at the coupled interfaces of FLAC and PFC are transferred back and forth via a Socket I/O connection. Four locations were monitored for the induced vertical seismic signals, including velocity, acceleration, and stress histories. The signals were analyzed by Hilbert-Huang transform to obtain the time-frequency spectrograms for examining the characteristics of the signals. The particle size, wall friction, particle friction, and parallel bond of PFC input parameters were parametrically investigated. The Xiaolin landslide in 2009 was successfully simulated, and the characteristics of the seismic signals were studied and compared with the data from a broadband seismic station. These results demonstrate that terrain and transition in the movement type of a complex landslide do influence the seismic signals. A landslide with larger rock particles generates lower-frequency content seismic signals. Also, there can be approximately 40 s to escape before a large-scale landslide hits if seismic instrumentation is installed. The method proposed can be further applied for studies on many other large-scale rock avalanches to verify recorded signals and further correlate the signals with the landslide characteristics. 相似文献
169.
Lithological and geochemical record of anthropogenic changes in recent sediments of a small and shallow lake (Lake Pusty Staw,northern Poland) 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Wojciech Tylmann 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2005,33(3):313-325
The article presents the results of lithological and geochemical investigations of recent sediments of Lake Pusty Staw. The analysed sediments document about 300 years of the history of this lake. Historical materials indicate that significant changes in the catchment of the lake took place from the beginning of the 18th century (deforestation and afforestation) followed by 19th century tourist development, and 20th century industrialisation. The sediments were dated using the 210Pb and 137Cs method and core lithology. These made it possible to establish a reliable chronology to the year 1730. The calculated sedimentation rates ranged between 0.17 and 0.83 cm year–1. There was a period of intensified erosion caused by land clearance between 1734 and 1810, which resulted in an acceleration in sedimentation rate (0.36 cm year–1) and a change of lithological type of sediment from detritus gyttja to clayey gyttja. On the basis of Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb content in the sediments, it was determined that the beginning of pollution of the lake dates back to the 19th century and was caused probably by the existence of a health resort. A systematic increase in pollution occurred in the 20th century as a result of industrial plants. Normalised with respect to Al, the content of heavy metals in polluted sediments was from several to twenty times higher than in sediments of the preindustrial period, and a comparison of historical materials with changes of sediments in most cases made it possible to identify the direct causes of the increase in pollution. 相似文献
170.
With the global warming, crop phenological shifts in responses to climate change have become a hot research topic. Based on the long-term observed agro-meteorological phenological data (1981–2009) and meteorological data, we quantitatively analyzed temporal and spatial shifts in maize phenology and their sensitivities to key climate factors change using climate tendency rate and sensitivity analysis methods. Results indicated that the sowing date was significantly delayed and the delay tendency rate was 9.0 d·10a-1. But the stages from emergence to maturity occurred earlier (0.1 d·10a-1<θ<1.7 d·10a-1, θ is the change slope of maize phenology). The length of vegetative period (VPL) (from emergence to tasseling) was shortened by 0.9 d·10a-1, while the length of generative period (GPL) (from tasseling to maturity) was lengthened by 1.7 d·10a-1. The growing season length (GSL) (from emergence to maturity) was lengthened by 0.4 d·10a-1. Correlation analysis indicated that maize phenology was significantly correlated with average temperature, precipitation, sunshine duration and growing degree days (GDD) (p<0.01). Average temperature had significant negative correlation relationship, while precipitation, sunshine duration and growing degree days had significant positive correlations with maize phenology. Sensitivity analysis indicated that maize phenology showed different responses to variations in key climate factors, especially at different sites. The conclusions of this research could provide scientific supports for agricultural adaptation to climate change to address the global food security issue. 相似文献