The sanitary state of Pomeranian Bay and Gulf of Gdańsk waters during the flood of 1997

Summary Due to the 1997 summer flood, the Pomeranian and Gdańsk Bays were polluted with a significant amount of bacteriologically contaminated Oder and Vistula rivers waters. The purpose of this study was to determine the sanitary state of both bays during the flood and directly after it, the range of direction of distribution of the bacteriological contamination brought in by Vistula and Oder waters. On the basis of examination results, the sanitary state of the bays waters was found to be worse, particularly with regard to indicators: total bacterial number (at 20 °C and 37 °C) and Most Probable Number (MPN) of coliform and faecal coliform bacteria. Bacteria of the Pseudomonas group(Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas fluorescens), Enterobacteriaceae group (m.in.Proteus vulgaris), as well as enterococci(Streptoccus) and staphylococci(Staphylococcus) were found in water samples from Pomeranian and Gdańsk Bays. In the Pomeranian Bay the waters spread to the west (due to weather conditions), whereas in Gdańsk Bay they remained mainly in the coastal zone and then moved to the east. An improvement in the sanitary state of both bay waters was observed at the end of August. Zusammenfassung W?hrend des Sommer-Hochwassers 1997 wurden die Gew?sser der Pommerschen und der Danziger Bucht mit kontaminiertem Wasser aus den Flüssen Oder und Weichsel verunreinigt. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, den Grad der bakteriellen Verunreinigungen durch einstr?mendes Flu?wasser aus Oder und Weichsel in die Pommersche und die Danziger Bucht w?hrend des Hochwassers und direkt danach zu bestimmen. Auf der Basis von Messungen wurde eine Vermehrung von Colibakterien im Wasser beider Buchten unter Berücksichtigung folgender Indikatoren festgestellt: 1. Gesamtzahl an Bakterien (Wassertemperatur 20 °C and 37 °C) und 2. vermuteter Anteil von gesamtcoliformen und f?kalcoliformen Bakterien. Die Wasserproben aus der Danziger und der Pommerschen Bucht enthielten sowohl F?ulnisbakterien(Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas fluorescens) als auch Bakterien aus der Gruppe der Enterobacteriaceae(Proteus vulgaris), Staphylokokken(Staphylococcus) und F?kalstreptokokken(Streptococcus). Infolge Wetterver?nderung verlagerte sich das kontaminierte Wasser aus der Pommerschen Bucht nach Westen. In der Danziger Bucht hingegen blieb das kontaminierte Wasser zun?chst im Küstenbereich und verlagerte sich dann ostw?rts. Ende August wurde eine Verbesserung der Wasserqualit?t in beiden Buchten ermittelt.     

Symplectic Mapping for Satellites and Space Debris Including Nongravitational Forces

The paper presents an efficient algorithm for the study of satellite and space debris orbits on long time intervals. The averaged equations of motion are integrated by means of the implicit midpoint method. This approach is known as a symplectic mapping technique. The perturbing forces included in the mapping are: the geopotential, the atmospheric drag, lunisolar perturbations and the direct radiation pressure (without shadow effects). The influence of the atmosphere is approximated by simple methods for the estimation of integrals. The described mapping is valid for the wide range of orbits including the resonant and the eccentric ones; it can be helpful in practical and theoretical problems. The lifetime of GPS transfer orbits is discussed as an exemplary application.     

Occurrence and Distribution of the Eggs and Larvae of Anchovy, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Engraulis japonicus</Emphasis>, in Jeju Strait,Korea, with Descriptions of Environmental Characteristics

The occurrence and distribution of eggs and larvae of anchovy, Engraulis japonicus, in Jeju Strait, Korea from May to November 2002 were investigated, and the relationships between the abundances of anchovy eggs and larvae and the oceanographic conditions, including meteorological data, were analyzed. During the sampling periods, the anchovy eggs occurred from May to October and about 95% of total egg abundance occurred in only two months from July to August, suggesting that the main spawning season of anchovies is confirmed in summer from July and August in Jeju Strait. The spawning area of anchovies gradually moved to the southern part of the survey area with time. The predominant anchovy larvae collected in this study were mostly smaller than 16.0 mm TL. Correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis showed that the anchovy egg abundance in the study area depended strongly on the wind conditions, especially less than 10 m/s, and increasing water temperature. Salinity variations also had significant effects on the abundance of anchovy larvae.     

Influence of Mean Rooftop-Level Estimation Method on Sensible Heat Flux Retrieved from a Large-Aperture Scintillometer Over a City Centre

The sensible heat flux (H) is determined using large-aperture scintillometer (LAS) measurements over a city centre for eight different computation scenarios. The scenarios are based on different approaches of the mean rooftop-level \((z_{H})\) estimation for the LAS path. Here, \(z_{H}\) is determined separately for wind directions perpendicular (two zones) and parallel (one zone) to the optical beam to reflect the variation in topography and building height on both sides of the LAS path. Two methods of \(z_{H}\) estimation are analyzed: (1) average building profiles; (2) weighted-average building height within a 250 m radius from points located every 50 m along the optical beam, or the centre of a certain zone (in the case of a wind direction perpendicular to the path). The sensible heat flux is computed separately using the friction velocity determined with the eddy-covariance method and the iterative procedure. The sensitivity of the sensible heat flux and the extent of the scintillometer source area to different computation scenarios are analyzed. Differences reaching up to 7% between heat fluxes computed with different scenarios were found. The mean rooftop-level estimation method has a smaller influence on the sensible heat flux (?4 to 5%) than the area used for the \(z_{H}\) computation (?5 to 7%). For the source-area extent, the discrepancies between respective scenarios reached a similar magnitude. The results demonstrate the value of the approach in which \(z_{H}\) is estimated separately for wind directions parallel and perpendicular to the LAS optical beam.     

The heat goes on—changes in indices of hot extremes in Poland

Theoretical and Applied Climatology - On the basis of temperature observations at 60 meteorological stations in Poland, changes in the indices associated with the presence of extremely high air...     

A model of the gravitational field of Amalthea

Utilizing the topographic model of Jovian moon Amalthea (Stooke, 1994) and supposing that its mass density is constant we derived its basic geometrical and dynamical characteristics. For calculations the harmonic model of topography of the degree and order 18 was selected. The model appears to fit the entire surface to a mean accuracy of a few hundred meters, except in the regions localized around longitudes 0° and 180°. On the basis of the harmonic expansion of the topography we estimated the volume (V = 2.43 ± 0.02 km³) and the mean radius of topographyr ₀ = (79.7 ± 0.2) km. Generalized moments of inertia up to the order 2, principal moments of inertia and orientation of the principal axes with respect to the original reference frame were also calculated. The results show that although Amalthea has extremely irregular shape it may be treated dynamically as an almost symmetric body (B C). Finally, the set of the Stokes coefficients up to the degree and order 9 was evaluated. The results are verified by direct numerical integration.     

Seasonal deposition of authigenic calcite out of isotopic equilibrium with DIC and water,and implications for paleolimnological studies

Journal of Paleolimnology - We conducted year-round, monthly monitoring of the stable isotope composition of DIC and water in hypereutrophic Lake Kierskie, western Poland, along with isotope...     

Nonapplicability of the viscous approximation method in homogeneous cosmological models

By considering two conceptually important instances it is shown that one cannot use the viscous approximation method to estimate the effects of nonequilibrium processes in homogeneous cosmological models. Despite the widespread acceptance of this method, it is argued that not even qualitative estimates can be obtained by its use.