Source of low frequency modulation of ENSO amplitude in a CGCM

We study the relationship between changes in equatorial stratification and low frequency El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) amplitude modulation in a coupled general circulation model (CGCM) that uses an anomaly coupling strategy to prevent climate drifts in the mean state. The stratification is intensified at upper levels in the western and central equatorial Pacific during periods of high ENSO amplitude. Furthermore, changes in equatorial stratification are connected with subsurface temperature anomalies originating from the central south tropical Pacific. The correlation analysis of ocean temperature anomalies against an index for the ENSO modulation supports the hypothesis of the existence of an oceanic “tunnel” that connects the south tropical Pacific to the equatorial wave guide. Further analysis of the wind stress projection coefficient onto the oceanic baroclinic modes suggests that the low frequency modulation of ENSO amplitude is associated with a significant contribution of higher-order modes in the western and central equatorial Pacific. In the light of these results, we suggest that, in the CGCM, change in the baroclinic mode energy distribution associated with low frequency ENSO amplitude modulation have its source in the central south tropical Pacific.     

A numerical study of the effect of frozen soil on dust emission during an East Asian dust event in December 2009

There are few dust simulation studies for East Asian dust events that took place in the wintertime, when the surface conditions of the dust source region differ from those of the springtime. The soil water turns into ice when the temperature falls below freezing, and the ice might prohibit wind erosion by increasing the binding strength between soil particles. However, the contribution of frozen soil to reducing dust outbreaks remains unclear. This study investigates the effect of frozen soil on dust emission through a case study of a severe wintertime East Asian dust event that originated on 23 and 24 December 2009 in Southern Mongolia and Inner Mongolia and reached Korea on 25 and 26 December 2009 using WRF/Chem with a new dust emission scheme. Model simulations with and without the effect of frozen soil were conducted. A temperature below 0°C and relative soil saturation exceeding 40% were used for frozen soil criteria, and the frozen soil was prohibited from emitting dust. The dust concentrations derived from the simulation without the effect of frozen soil were about three times higher than the observed PM₁₀ concentrations, while the results from the simulation with the frozen-soil effect were quite similar to those of the observation data. The simulation of the wintertime East Asian dust event with the frozen-soil effect improved the model representation. The sensitivity tests for frozen soil indicate that the criteria of frozen soil used in this study are appropriate for this case study.     

气候变化背景下海河流域温度和湿度空间特征及其与水资源的关系

采用旋转主成分分析(REOF)方法,根据海河流域温度和相对湿度这两个主要气侯要素,将流域进行分区.海河流域的温度空间分布可分为4块区域:东北部、南部、西部和中部.流域的湿度空间分布可分为3块区域:东北部、南部与中西部.结合流域水资源空间分布特征的分析,发现流域温度和相对湿度分布与水资源分布具有显著的一致性.     

2009年秋末山西大暴雪天气过程分析

利用高空、地面和卫星云图资料,对2009年11月9-12日山西出现的有气象记录以来最强的一场大暴雪天气过程进行综合分析.结果表明:高空强盛的西南气流和低层东北气流以及地面回流为暴雪过程提供了有利的流场配置,500hPa阶梯槽和700hPa切变线是主要影响系统,低空急流的持续及水汽的辐合为这次暴雪提供了充足的水汽,卫星云...     

近50年环贝加尔湖区变暖对中国华北夏季降水的影响机理

利用1951-2007年中国722站逐月降水观测资料、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料及1958-2002年逐月欧洲中心的ERA-40再分析资料,分析了近57年中国华北夏季降水的年代际变化特征,重点讨论了全球变暖背景下环贝加尔湖地表气温升高对中国华北夏季降水长期变化的影响机理.结果表明,华北夏季降水长期减少趋势与全球变暖存...     

雾霾天气个例气象条件对比分析

应用常规观测资料、NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料和L波段探空资料从环流形势、扩散条件和边界层特征3个方面对2013年两次雾、霾天气个例进行对比分析,结果表明:500hPa西北气流冷平流、地面弱风场、垂直速度呈弱上升-下沉的垂直分层特点和逆温是两次雾、霾天气出现和维持的共同特征。地面西北风、850hPa弱冷平流、近地层浅薄的接地逆温(100~200m)和湿层与霾天气对应,地面偏东风、850hPa暖平流、925hPa以下深厚的悬浮逆温(400m)和湿层与雾天气对应,霾过程较雾过程逆温强度强,上升运动高度高。消散时雾较霾下沉运动中心高度低,强度弱;霾消散时接地逆温特征变化不大,雾消散时悬浮逆温有底部抬升和大气稳定层结向中性层结转变的变化特征;但均有下沉气流接地、垂直风切变较强和高层低露点干空气下传到地面的特点。     

上海市近百年来夏季降水时空分布特征及影响因素

依据前人的研究和上海1949-2005年气象资料,研究了上海地区夏季降水特征,结果显示:上海夏季降水在时间分布上具有周期性变化,在1OO多年中有3个多雨湿润期和3个少雨偏干期;在空间分布上,因城市“雨岛“效应影响,城市和郊区差异明显.太阳活动周期对降水存在周期性的影响,ENSO事件对降水多寡有影响.火山爆发使降水出现1～2 a的较短的周期波动.     

Changes in the Brewer-Dobson circulation for 1980–2009 revealed in MERRA reanalysis data

Changes in the Brewer-Dobson circulation (BDC) during the 30 years 1980–2009 are investigated using Modern Era Retrospective-analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA) reanalysis data. The mass streamfunction that is induced by wave forcings in the transformed Eulerian-mean (TEM) equation through the downward-control principle is used as a proxy for the BDC. The changes in the BDC are investigated using two aspects: the wave propagation conditions in the stratosphere and the wave activity in the upper troposphere. They are compared in the first (P1) and second (P2) 15-year periods. The resolved wave forcing, expressed by the Eliassen-Palm (EP) flux divergence (EPD), is significantly enhanced during the December-January-February (DJF) season in P2 in both the Northern Hemisphere (NH) high latitudes and the Southern Hemisphere (SH) mid- and high latitudes. The increased zonal mean zonal wind at high latitudes in the SH, caused by ozone depletion, leads to an upward shift of the Rossby-wave critical layer and this allows more transient planetary waves to propagate into the stratosphere. In the NH, the enhanced EPD in DJF leads to an increase in the frequency of Sudden Stratospheric Warming (SSW) events. The gravity wave drag (GWD) is smaller than the EPD and the change in it between the two time periods is insignificant. The residual term in the TEM equation is similar to the GWD in the two periods, but its change between the two periods is as large as the change in the EPD. Among the four components of the EP flux at 250 hPa, the meridional heat flux played a dominant role in the enhancement of the BDC in P2.     

基于北斗卫星预警信息发布的通信参数设计

基于北斗卫星的预警信息发布是利用北斗卫星导航系统的短报文功能进行预警信息的发布,可有效提高预警信息发布的覆盖范围和时效性。该文提出了这种发布方式下一种新的通信参数设计方法,预警信息的传输次数和指挥机的通播ID数是基于北斗卫星的预警信息发布方式中需要确定的两个重要通信参数。定量分析表明:随着传输成功率阈值或预警信息分包数减小,预警信息的最优传输次数呈阶梯状减少;随着发布时效增加,指挥机的最优通播ID数近似线性减少;随着传输成功率阈值或预警信息分包数减小,指挥机的最优通播ID数呈阶梯状减少。该文提出的通信参数设计方法可在相关基于北斗卫星的预警信息发布系统设计时作为指标推算的参考依据。     

光纤位移传感器在盐岩地下储气库群模型试验中的应用

为了研究盐岩地下储气库群运行过程中注采气压变化对洞周围岩变形的影响,设计开发了一种基于光纤布拉格光栅技术的棒式光纤位移传感器,并将其成功应用在盐岩地下储气库群模型试验的位移监测中。试验结果表明,注采气压速率是影响盐岩储气库运营安全的重要因素。采气过程中洞周出现径向收敛位移,该位移随采气速率和时间的增加而增加;注气过程中洞周出现扩张位移,该位移随注气速率和时间的增加而增加。空间上,气压变化对洞腔腰部位移影响最大。为了保证储气库运行安全,应控制注采气速率。针对所研究工程原型,建议储气库的最大采气速率应小于0.65 MPa/d,最大注气速率应小于0.75 MPa/d。