Spatial and temporal stability of the climatic signal in northern Fennoscandian pine tree-ring width and maximum density

The spatial and temporal stability of the climatic signal in pine tree - ring width and maximum density is examined using data from four sites in northern Sweden and Finland. Moving-window multiple linear regression, using monthly and daily climate data, indicates that ring widths at all sites have been strongly controlled by July temperatures throughout the past century. The relationship between maximum density and temperature is stronger but much less stable across both space and time. Shifts in the hottest part of the summer do not explain large shifts in the period most strongly influencing density. It is concluded that palaeoclimate reconstructions based on northern Fennoscandian pine tree - ring width chronologies should be restricted to the temperature of midsummer (July), whereas maximum density should be used to reconstruct the temperature of a longer growth season (June to August). They thus provide different and compl e mentary palaeoclimate signals. At all four sites, the correlation between maximum density and June to August mean temperature is lowest in the latter half of the 20th century, but split sample tests with strong verification statistics (RE and CE) show that this represents a quantitative change in the strength of the correlation with climate, rather than a qualitative change in the nature of that relationship, and thus does not invalidate climate reconstructions.     

金湖凹陷天96断块阜二段储层裂缝多参数定量预测

基于应变能、表面能理论, 采用格里菲斯岩石破裂准则, 建立了金湖凹陷天96断块造缝期古地应力、现今地应力与裂缝参数之间的关系; 基于构造分析确定了造缝时期古地应力的类型和方向, 用声速法和水力压裂法确定了现今地应力的方向和大小, 将古今地应力场的数值模拟结果导入裂缝参数计算模型中, 模拟计算了天96断块阜二段裂缝的密度、开度、孔渗参数, 并结合古地应力场分析以及岩心裂缝统计数据对裂缝预测结果进行验证; 最后, 综合分析了影响天96断块裂缝发育的因素。      

成都平原4 kaBP以来黏土矿物记录的古气候变化

利用X射线衍射方法对成都金沙遗址IT6814探坑约4 m厚(约4 kaBP以来沉积)地层剖面的黏土矿物进行了分析,发现黏土矿物主要由伊利石、绿泥石、伊利石-蒙脱石混层矿物和少量高岭石组成。根据黏土矿物含量变化的分析和对比研究,划分出成都平原黏土矿物变化的5个阶段,得出成都平原的气候变化经历了由温凉偏干与温暖潮湿的交替,在2 500 aBP发生了较为明显的快速降温过程。通过对比探讨了古人类活动对黏土矿物的影响尺度,认为古人类活动的影响较低,黏土矿物的成分和含量可以作为气候变化的指示剂。     

基于OpenGIS的地震信息采集与震灾评估系统

提出一套基于OpenGIS的地震信息采集与震灾评估系统,遵循美国“开放式地理空间协会”提出的GLS、GDAS、WFS-T与WMS等相关服务规范,利用GML规范,建模、传递及储存地理信息作为不同系统之间数据交换的基础,将对数据的共享提升到特征类级的层次。给出了系统的功能结构,系统模型及流程,有效地实现了地震信息采集与灾情评估的目的。     

一种基于空间相关性和B样条曲面拟合的地面气温质量控制算法

将B样条曲面拟合算法引入到地面气温观测资料的质量控制当中,考虑到区域内各参考站与目标站观测值之间的空间相关性,提出了一种基于空间相关性和B样条曲面拟合的地面气温观测资料质量控制算法(Spatial Correlation and B-spline Surface Fitting,BSF)。选择2012—2014年南平站、南京站、太原站、拉萨站、景洪站和长春站以及周围300 km内参考站的02:00、08:00、14:00、20:00定时气温作为观测资料,结合平均绝对误差(Mean Absolute Error,MAE)、均方根误差(Root Mean Square Error,RMSE)、一致性指标(Index of Agreement,IOA)和纳什系数(Nash-sutcliffe Model Efficiency Coefficient,NSC)这4种评价参数对目标站地面气温资料进行质量控制分析。将BSF算法的质量控制效果分别与传统的反距离加权法(Inverse Distance Weighted,IDW)和空间回归检验法(Spatial Regression Test,SRT)进行对比,试验结果表明:在不同案例下,BSF算法的质量控制效果均优于IDW算法和SRT算法,能更有效地标记出气温观测数据中的可疑值。     

射洪硅化木埋藏地地球化学特征及构造背景的指示

对该硅化木化石埋藏地泥质岩的常量元素、微量元素和稀土元素特征进行了研究,并根据其地球化学特征讨论了物源区性质、物源区的风化特征以及构造背景。常量元素和稀土元素表明其物源区以长英质岩石为主;反映化学风化程度的CIA指数及成分成熟度的ICV指数都较低,表明物源区经历了弱化学风化作用,反映了晚侏罗世四川盆地北西部龙门山处于快速隆升阶段,构造活动较强烈。     

整合GIS的生态环境建模与EDSS研究进展

围绕生态环境的空间问题建模及模型集成机制,综合评述了环境建模及其应用软件的研究现状和发展趋势,对比分析了生态环境模型与GIS集成的多种方式,重点讨论了当前环境决策支持系统的开发策略和研究热点,并结合本体技术和语义网服务展望了未来环境决策支持系统解决方案的特征。     

大兴安岭北段岔路口巨型钼(锌铅)矿床脉体特征、产状及其对成矿的指示

岔路口斑岩钼(锌铅)矿床是在大兴安岭北段新发现的超大型斑岩钼矿床,伴有一定规模的锌铅矿化,钼矿体呈拉长穹窿状,空间上呈上锌铅下钼的分带特征。钼成矿作用与晚侏罗世细晶斑岩和花岗斑岩的关系最为密切,矿化呈网脉状、脉状和浸染状产出,发育多期_多阶段脉体。根据形成温度、穿插关系、矿物组合和蚀变晕特征可划分出14类脉体,成矿前表现为石英±钾长石±磁铁矿±赤铁矿±硬石膏脉体(共4类),成矿期发育辉钼矿脉、钼铅锌过渡脉以及锌铅脉体(共7类),成矿后发育萤石、石膏和碳酸盐等脉体(共3类)。脉体内萤石的持续发育且早期硬石膏、磁铁矿、赤铁矿等矿物的存在,指示成矿流体具有高氟性质且早期具高氧化特征;脉体两侧蚀变晕从钾长石/黑云母→钾长石+绢云母→绢云母+黄铁矿→绢云母的变化,表明成矿流体具有从碱性向酸性演化的特征。高温脉体穿插低温脉体这类反切脉体的存在,反映岔路口矿床成矿流体具有多期脉动涌入的特征。成矿系统内脉体倾角研究表明,产状较平缓的脉体主要环绕成矿岩体分布在外围,高角度的放射状脉体(倾角60°)主要形成于成矿岩体的顶部;且高角度脉体与高品位矿体密切相关,矿体品位高的区域同时也是脉体集中发育区。脉体_蚀变_矿化的系统研究可指示矿床的剥蚀深度,岔路口矿区地表仅出露黏土化带和青磐岩化带,产出黏土矿物脉、碳酸盐脉等低温脉体,钻孔显示金属矿化自上而下具有Ag—Pb_Zn—Mo的分带,表明岔路口矿床的剥蚀程度较低,保存完整。     

四川茶马古道交通变迁对沿线商贸型古村镇演化的影响

茶马古道作为西南地区重要的贸易线路和移民通道,长期进行的贸易活动和人口迁移促进了沿线地区商贸型古村镇的形成和演化。以茶马古道四川段为例,基于最邻近指数、Ripley's K函数、核密度分析、重心分析等空间分析和计量地理方法,探讨古道交通变迁对商贸型古村镇分布演化的影响及其作用机制。研究结果表明：①四川茶马古道的交通变迁过程可分为两个阶段,明清以前主要分布在岷江上游地区,沟通川西盆地和黄河上游的河谷草原,明清以后主要分布在川西藏区,连接着川西和藏东南。②四川茶马古道交通变迁影响了沿线商贸型古村镇的分布格局、演化重心和演化方向。从先秦两汉至隋唐五代时期,商贸型古村镇呈现出从雅安一带往都江堰,沿岷江北上向茂县、马尔康方向演化,直至宋元明清时期,转向川西地区集聚。演化重心呈现出从雅安往北、再回到雅安一带并往西迁移,Ripley's K函数定量描述了商贸型古村镇这一外向扩散和内向集聚的过程。③古道的空间路径、地域环境、贸易政策、古村镇居民等因素分别对商贸型古村镇的演化产生主导、驱动、调节和反馈的作用机制。     

Low protein variability and genetic similarity between populations of the polar bear (Ursus maritimus)

Blood samples from a total of 460 polar bears ( Ursus maritimus ) from various Arctic regions, but excluding the USSR, were collected during the period 1967-1981 to study electrophoretic variation in different proteins. Two hundred and one samples from Alaska, 48 from the Canadian Arctic, 89 from Svalbard, and 21 from Northeast Greenland were collected during the period 1967-1973 and were analysed by vertical polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to study transferrin and hemoglobin polymorphism. Thirty-one samples collected in 1974 were analysed by starch gel electrophoresis for 14 enzyme systems in serum and red blood cells. Seventy samples collected from Alaska, the Barents Sea, and Canada in 1980-81 were studied by starch gel electrophoresis, and further analysed for protein variation by thin-layer isoelectric focusing, horizontal polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and two-dimensional electrophoresis. In all, about 75 loci were analysed for variation. The degree of protein and enzyme variation in the polar bear was observed to be relatively low. Starch gel electrophoresis revealed variation of an unidentified serum protein. The distribution of this protein indicates a closer connection between bears in Alaska and Canada compared to those in Greenland and Svalbard, but the differences were not significant. As in many large mammals, the information from protein variation in polar bears has limited use for management purposes. We could not find any simple system usable for identification of discrete populations. On the basis of protein variation as sole criterion, the populations investigated could not be separated. Possible explanations for the uniformity of blood proteins can be exchange of bears between geographical areas and/or a high selective pressure in polar bears.