High CO₂ and marine animal behaviour: potential mechanisms and ecological consequences

Exposure to pollution and environmental change can alter the behaviour of aquatic animals and here we review recent evidence that exposure to elevated CO? and reduced sea water pH alters the behaviour of tropical reef fish and hermit crabs. Three main routes through which behaviour might be altered are discussed; elevated metabolic load, 'info-disruption' and avoidance behaviour away from polluted locations. There is clear experimental evidence that exposure to high CO? disrupts the ability to find settlement sites and shelters, the ability to detect predators and the ability to detect prey and food. In marine vertebrates and marine crustaceans behavioural change appears to occur via info-disruption. In hermit crabs and other crustaceans impairment of performance capacities might also play a role. We discuss the implications for such behavioural changes in terms of potential impacts at the levels of population health and ecosystem services, and consider future directions for research.     

Geodynamic evolution of the Tethyan lithosphere as recorded in the Spontang Ophiolite,South Ladakh ophiolites(NW Himalaya,India)

The Spontang Ophiolite complex represents the most complete ophiolite sequence amongst the South Ladakh ophiolites and comprises mantle rocks(depleted harzburgites,dunites and minor lherzolites)as well as crustal rocks(basalt,isotropic gabbros,layered gabbros etc.).In the present study,detailed geochemistry(whole rock as well as mineral chemistry)and Sr-Nd isotopic analyses of thirty-six ultramaficmafic samples have been attempted to constraint the evolution and petrogenetic history of the Tethyan oceanic crust.Major,trace-element and REE patterns of the peridotites and their minerals indicate that the lherzolites experienced lower degrees of partial melting resembling abyssal peridotites(at higher temperatures,TREE=$1216℃)than the harzburgites(6%–8%versus 15%–17%).Elevated eNd(t)and variable⁸⁷ Sr/⁸⁶ Sr(t)ratios along with REE patterns suggest that the Spontang mafic rocks display N-MORB affinity with negligible participation of oceanic sediments in their genesis are originated from a depleted upper mantle with little contribution from subduction-related fluids.MORB-type Neotethyan oceanic crust is associated with the earliest phase of subduction(of older Jurassic age)through which a younger intra-oceanic island arc(Spong arc)subsequently developed.Harzburgites REE display typical U-shaped patterns,suggesting that these rocks have been metasomatized by LREE-enriched fluids.On the other side,mafic rocks are characterized by heterogeneous(Nb/La)PMand(Hf/Sm)PMand relatively homogeneous eNd(t),indicating interaction of subduction-related melts with the upper mantle during the initiation of subduction,in Early Cretaceous times.     

基于社区参与的世界遗产地旅游开发与保护研究

社区参与是世界遗产地旅游可持续发展的重要因素,但如何将世界遗产地旅游开发与保护同当地社区有机结合起来,使社区主动参与遗产的开发和保护,从而实现社区及遗产的良性发展已备受学者关注。对此,通过对社区参与旅游研究综述,分析目前中国世界遗产保护与旅游开发中的问题,提出了参与规划决策、参与遗产保护等等社区参与遗产保护与旅游开发的途径,使世界遗产地旅游开发持续健康发展。     

旋转地震学的近期进展

引言 旋转地震学是一个新兴研究领域,涉及到由地震、爆破、周围振动引起的旋转运动的所有方面。最近的两篇专题论文（Teisseyre et al,2006;Teisseyre et al,2008）和美国地震学会会刊（BSSA）《旋转地震学与工程应用》专辑（Lee,Celebi et al,2009）都属开山之篇。     

Modeling interaction of fluid and salt in an aquifer/lagoon system

To simulate the dynamic interaction between a saline lagoon and a ground water system, a numerical model for two-dimensional, variable-density, saturated-unsaturated, and coupled flow and solute transport (saltwater intrusion by finite elements and characteristics [SIFEC]) was modified to allow the volume of water and mass of salt in the lagoon to vary with each time step. The modified SIFEC allows the stage of a lagoon to vary in accordance with a functional relation between the stage and water volume of the lagoon, and also allows the salt concentration of the lagoon to vary in accordance with the salt budget of the lagoon including chemical precipitation and dissolution of salt. The updated stage and salt concentration of the lagoon are in turn used as transient boundary conditions for the coupled flow and solute transport model. The utility of the modified model was demonstrated by applying it to the eastern Mediterranean coastal region of Turkey for assessing impacts of climate change on the subsurface environment under scenarios of sea level rise, increased evaporation, and decreased precipitation.     

利用气孔大小分布和玻璃地球化学研究约束墨西哥波波卡特佩特火山脱气过程

波波卡特佩特火山爆炸式喷发活动是对周围人口稠密地区的一个严重威胁,因此在短时间内认识喷发类型（从爆炸式到熔岩盾形成）指标的变化是非常重要的。本次研究,我们给出来自波波卡特佩特火山5次主要普林尼武喷发（大约23～1．2ka）、2001年部分熔岩盾坍塌时的小喷发和1997年4次喷发（5月11日、6月14日、15日和30日）产生的原生碎屑中气孔大小分布（VSD）和基质玻璃成分分析的结果。对基质玻璃主元素的分析（WDS—EPMA）可以估计出喷发的岩浆进入不平衡（晶体和岩浆之间）的深度,通过利用Blundy和Cashman（2001）的石英一钠长石一正长石三元系计算平衡压力来获得。利用CSD软件通过气孔大小分布分析定量解释原生碎屑（浮岩或火山渣）结构来建立岩浆上升时的物理变化和喷发条件之间的关系。原生碎屑内气泡化的程度和类型也与喷发的类型和持续时间有关,特别是可用来识别气孔结构的变化,这种变化代表了从爆炸式到熔岩盾喷发的转变（Manganand Sisson,2000;Adamsetal,2006）。本次研究给出了波波卡特佩特火山比早期认为的更为复杂的岩浆存储历史,这对该火山目前的研究是一个重要的贡献。     

SPOT星载导航系统及应用

SPOT星载导航系统AOCS成功应用于摄影测量生产,可在无地面控制的情况下获取高精度的DEM数据和正射影像。文中介绍了导航系统在摄影测量生产中的应用、SPOT星群的基本情况和SPOT的星载导航系统———AOCS系统,讨论了AOCS的应用成果。高精度的DEM数据和正射影像产品表明:星载导航系统是实现全球范围无控制地形测图和地形数据采集的一个极有潜力的途径。     

一种SPOT影像快速纠正的方法

本文提出SPOT影像的一种快速正射纠正法,该方法采用分块内插算法和加速措施可以快速地完成SPOT影像的正射纠正。理论分析和实验结果都证实,在采用合理的分块尺寸的条件下,该方法可以保持传统方法正射纠正影像的精度基本不变,在精度损失的极小范围内实现SPOT影像的快速正射纠正。     

机载三线阵CCD影像自检校光束法区域网平差

将基于附加参数的自检校光束法区域网平差技术应用于机载三线阵CCD传感器ADS40影像的几何定位处理,分析了机载三线阵CCD传感器成像的误差特性,建立了相适有效的自检校附加参数模型,以及3种形式的外方位元素变化模型和自检校光束法区域网平差模型。实验结果表明,自检校光束法区域网平差能够有效补偿ADS40影像存在的系统误差,显著提高定位精度。     

1995—2006年南通市城市扩展特征分析

以遥感数据为基础,结合缓冲区分析,对南通市的城市扩展特征和扩展的方向性进行了研究。研究时段分为前期1995—2001年和后期2001—2006年,结果表明:1)南通市城市扩展速度前期高于后期,建设用地增加面积后期高于前期。前期发展为跳跃式点状扩展模式,后期以城市核心区域为主体,以面状方式向外扩展。2)在城市扩展的方向上,前期变化率和变化量东南>东北>西北,后期东南>西北>东北。但后期变化量显著高于前期。