The extent and historical trend of metal pollution recorded in core sediments from the artificial Lake Shihwa, Korea

The vertical distribution of trace metals in sediment cores was investigated to evaluate the extent and the historical record of metal pollution over 30 years in the artificial Lake Shihwa in Korea. A marked increase of trace metals after 1980 was observed due to the operation of two large industrial complexes and dike construction for a reclamation project. There was a decreasing trend of metal concentrations with the distance from the pollution source. The enrichment factor and pollution load index of the metals indicated that the metal pollution was mainly derived from Cu, Zn and Cd loads due to anthropogenic activities. The concentrations of Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, As and Pb in the upper part of all core sediments exceeded the ERL criteria of NOAA. Our results indicate that inadequate planning and management of industrialization and a large reclamation project accomplished by dike construction have continued to strongly accelerate metal pollution in Lake Shihwa.     

定量研究粉砂质沉积物在地震过程中导致斜坡破坏的作用：阿尔及利亚边缘的例子

阿尔及利亚边缘是一个地震活动很活跃的地区,上个世纪以来,发生了多个高震级的地震。本研究用数值模拟的方法把岩土工程技术和沉积学的数据结合起来,量化评价当今阿尔及利亚边缘的斜坡稳定性问题。动三轴液化试验、固结试验和十字板剪切试验等土力学试验,被运用在研究区收集来的沉积岩芯上。结果显示,对于2003年5月21日Mw=6．8级的布米尔达斯地震,理论评估在距离震中30km开外的沉积柱仍具有发生液化的潜能。正如对钻孔岩芯中沉积物的描述那样,我们指出薄层的粉砂质岩层是导致沉积岩在地震中变形和发生液化的主要原因。数值计算表明,斜坡破坏可能发生在地震的峰值地面加速度（PGA）超过0．1g时,并且当地震的峰值地面加速度低于0．2g时,浅层的粉砂质沉积物可能会引发砂土液化。另外,把预测的斜坡破坏和海底地形图观测出的破坏迹象作比较可以得出,地震和随后的大量位移能够解释如今这个区域的地形形成过程。     

利用D-InSAR测量和高密度电阻率剖面揭示焦作市王封煤矿老采空区地面沉降机制

煤矿采空区是导致地面沉降的主要原因,其稳定过程可能需要较长时间,甚至在煤矿关闭之后仍然存在缓慢的地面沉降,这给矿区土地规划和再利用带来了巨大隐患,因此监测和研究老采空区之上的地面沉降对城市发展具有重要意义.为了有效揭示老采空区的地面沉降机制,对焦作市王封煤矿开采后地面沉降进行了合成孔径雷达差分干涉(D-InSAR)和高...     

Environmental capacity of nitrogen and phosphorus pollutions in Jiaozhou Bay, China: modeling and assessing

In recent years, with the development of society and economy of Qingdao, environment and ecosystem problems, for instance, red ties, become more and more serious in Jiaozhou Bay, China, because of the increasing pollutants discharged into it. In order to solve these problems, an eco-hydrodynamic model is constructed to estimate the marine environmental capacity of nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients in Jiaozhou Bay, whose simulation results are rational for the bay. According to the model, if the target is set to achieve water quality (grade II) in Jiaozhou Bay, the environmental capacity of dissolved inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus in one year are approximately 7800 and 840 tons, respectively. Thus our research offers necessary scientific foundation to the total loads control efforts in this area.     

芦山地震中校舍建筑的震害特点与分析

本文对芦山地震中的校舍建筑震害进行调查和分析.调查发现,汶川地震后重建的框架结构,由于按照新的抗震规范进行设防,大多数没有出现结构性损伤,震害集中在填充墙等非结构构件上.建于汶川地震前的框架结构,当不符合规范的强制条文时,破坏严重,特别是单跨框架,个别发生首层柱端破坏.砖混结构校舍中的宿舍楼,由于开间小,横墙多,多设置了构造措施,虽有结构破坏,但均可修复.砖混结构教学楼采用砖墙-框架柱混合承重的结构体系,大多在汶川地震后得到加固,未加固的教学楼有严重的结构破坏,而加固后的校舍建筑则表现较好,但是这些结构体系多采用预制空心板,整体性较差,已经被规范禁止用于校舍建筑.场地对结构震害有重要的影响,密实的持力层、妥善的地基处理和整体性好的基础形式,可以大幅度减轻结构的震害.本文建议:应加强校舍建筑基于性能设计的研究,进一步明确其设防目标;研究填充墙与框架的相互作用,设计新型的填充墙体系以实现校舍建筑在不同地震水平下的功能要求.     

Pushover analysis of reinforced concrete frames considering shear failure at beam-column joints

Since most current seismic capacity evaluations of reinforced concrete(RC) frame structures are implemented by either static pushover analysis(PA) or dynamic time history analysis,with diverse settings of the plastic hinges(PHs) on such main structural components as columns,beams and walls,the complex behavior of shear failure at beam-column joints(BCJs) during major earthquakes is commonly neglected.This study proposes new nonlinear PA procedures that consider shear failure at BCJs and seek to assess the actual damage to RC structures.Based on the specifications of FEMA-356,a simplified joint model composed of two nonlinear cross struts placed diagonally over the location of the plastic hinge is established,allowing a sophisticated PA to be performed.To verify the validity of this method,the analytical results for the capacity curves and the failure mechanism derived from three different full-size RC frames are compared with the experimental measurements.By considering shear failure at BCJs,the proposed nonlinear analytical procedures can be used to estimate the structural behavior of RC frames,including seismic capacity and the progressive failure sequence of joints,in a precise and effective manner.     

在日本和千岛海沟的地震概率预测中前震的利用

试图评估在可能前震发生后主震立即发生的概率,并根据沿日本和千岛海沟的可能前震,提出一种最优预测算法,同时还研究了该区域前活动的区域性变化,除了小余震外,每一个特定的地震或地震丛都被当作一次可能前震。确定可能前震的参数为：震级Ｍｔ,分区面积大小Ｄ°（纬度）＊Ｄ°（经度）,时间间隔Ｔｆ以及在该时空范围内所发生的地震次数Ｎｔ。但在本项研究中固定Ｔｆ为１０ｄ。将期望发生主震的空间限定在已经发生所提前震的地     

Distribution and mass inventory of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the sediments of the south Bohai Sea, China

Recent occurrence, distribution and mass inventories of 16 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) proposed by USEPA in the south Bohai Sea (BS) were studied based on the analytical data of 71 surface sediment samples. The concentrations of 16 PAHs varied from 37 to 537 ng g⁻¹ (dry weight). A clear difference was observed between the coastal Bohai Bay (CBB) and its adjacent BS (ABS) in the distribution and compositions of PAHs. The petrogenic source of phenanthrene in CBB was attributable to the industrial wastewater, fugitive fuel leakages from ships and offshore oil production. Four to six ring PAHs were predominantly from the coal and wood combustions in the whole area. The estimated PAH input to the south BS (43,000 km², 56% of BS in area) was 36.6 ton yr⁻¹, indicating that the study area was one of the important reservoirs of PAHs in world.     

Geochemistry of groundwater,Markandeya River Basin,Belgaum district,Karnataka State,India

The Markandeya River Basin stretches geographically from 15o56′ to 16o08′ N latitude and 74o37′ to 74o58′ E longitude, positioned in the midst of Belgaum district, in the northern part of Karnataka. The groundwater quality of 54 pre-monsoon samples in the Markandeya River Basin was evaluated for its suitability for drinking and irrigation purposes by estimating pH, EC, TDS, hardness and alkalinity besides major cations (Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+) and anions (HCO3–, Cl–, SO42–, PO43-, F-, NO3–), boron, SAR, % Na, RSC, RSBC, chlorinity index, SSP, non-carbonate hardness, Potential Salinity, Permeability Index, Kelley’s ratio, Magnesium hazard and Index of Base Exchange. Negative Index of Base Exchange indicates the chloro-alkaline disequilibrium in the study area and the majority of water samples fall in the rock dominance field based on Gibbs’ ratio. Permeability indices of classes I and II suggest suitability of groundwater for irrigation. Based on Cl, SO4, HCO3 concentrations, water samples can be classified as normal chloride (96.3%) and normal sulfate (94.4%) and normal bicarbonate (44.4%) water types.     

运动学涡度的理论与实践

一般剪切作用下,碎斑或顺剪切作用方向向前或逆向旋转向两特征方向或流脊(非旋转方向)靠拢。高应变条件下,二长比大于一特定值的碎斑,当其顺向或逆向旋转至以特征方向为渐近线的双曲线的稳定翼上时,便稳定下来不再旋转。二长比小于该值的碎斑将不断向前旋转。这一特定值位于该双曲线的顶点,相应的临界形态因子(B*)或/和两特征方向间夹角的余弦定义为运动学涡度(Wk)。Wk是确定一相关韧性变形带纯剪切和简单剪切组分相对大小的重要度量,是根据内旋转(涡度)与线应变速率之间的比值而定的数值度量。就变形带而言,一般剪切带的运动学涡度变化为0~1,纯剪切为零,简单剪切为1。这是一非线性尺度,纯剪切和简单剪切各占50%的运动学涡度为0.71,而不是0.5。运动学涡度可通过计算、图解(双曲线网(PHD)、刚性颗粒网(RGN)法、Passchier图解、Wallis图解)、极摩尔圆法和应力或瞬时增量应变方向获得。运动学涡度与有限应变测量相结合很可能是估算一地地壳减薄/伸展量或增厚/缩短量的最佳途径。变形过程中运动学涡度很可能变化,应根据不同时期形成的构造获得相应时期的运动学涡度。