中纬度降雨系统的中尺度结构

一、引言有关中尺度降雨系统结构和机制的知识是很需要的,因为第一,短期降水预报具有重要经济价值;第二,需要将这些系统的影响参数化,以便导入较大尺度大气环流模式中。不幸,除了强雹暴外,对中尺度系统的了解是很贫乏的,这是由于中尺度系统的观测十分困难,日常获得的资料不足以进行恰当的分析,因而必须进行复杂的研究。本文不打算对过去文献进行广泛评论,仅对过去五年来在英国进行的观测研究方面提一些个人看法,并通过个例研     

PALEOGENE(?) DEPOSYSTEMS AND BASIN EVOLUTION IN THE EASTERN TIBETAN PLATEAU: NANGQIAN AND XIALAXIU BASINS

PALEOGENE(?) DEPOSYSTEMS AND BASIN EVOLUTION IN THE EASTERN TIBETAN PLATEAU: NANGQIAN AND XIALAXIU BASINS     

印度泰米尔纳德磁铁石英岩的成因和痕量元素研究

泰米尔纳德磁铁石英岩产在前寒武纪高级麻粒岩区,它们与酸性到基性麻粒岩、各种片麻岩、纯橄榄岩、橄榄岩、伟晶岩以及粗玄岩脉伴生。主要与辉石麻粒岩密切伴生。研究磁铁石英岩及其伴生辉石麻粒岩中磁铁矿铁族元素的分布,其目的在于了解磁铁石英岩的成因。表Ⅰ示出磁铁石英岩的磁铁矿和辉石麻粒岩的磁铁矿所测定的痕量元素浓度。痕量元素比率的变动范围、样品和上部岩石圈中元素的平均百分数列入表Ⅱ,样品的标准差和变化值也列入表Ⅱ。     

Distribution and mass inventory of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the sediments of the south Bohai Sea, China

Recent occurrence, distribution and mass inventories of 16 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) proposed by USEPA in the south Bohai Sea (BS) were studied based on the analytical data of 71 surface sediment samples. The concentrations of 16 PAHs varied from 37 to 537 ng g⁻¹ (dry weight). A clear difference was observed between the coastal Bohai Bay (CBB) and its adjacent BS (ABS) in the distribution and compositions of PAHs. The petrogenic source of phenanthrene in CBB was attributable to the industrial wastewater, fugitive fuel leakages from ships and offshore oil production. Four to six ring PAHs were predominantly from the coal and wood combustions in the whole area. The estimated PAH input to the south BS (43,000 km², 56% of BS in area) was 36.6 ton yr⁻¹, indicating that the study area was one of the important reservoirs of PAHs in world.     

Surface pressure and summer monsoon rainfall over India

The relationship between the all-India summer monsoon rainfall and surface pressure over the Indian region has been examined to obtain a useful predictor for the monsoon rainfall. The data series of all-India monsoon rainfall and the mean pressures of three seasons before and after the monsoon season as well as the winter-to-spring pressure tendency (MAM-DJF) at 100 stations for the period 1951-1980 have been used in the analysis. The all-India monsoon rainfall is negatively correlated with the pressure of the spring (MAM) season preceding the monsoon and winter-to-spring seasonal difference as pressure tendency (MAM-DJF), at almost all the stations in India, and significantly with the pressures over central and northwestern regions. The average mean sea level pressure of six stations (Jodhpur, Ahmedabed, Bombay, Indore, Sagar and Akola) in the Western Central Indian (WCI) region showed highly significant (at 1% level) and consistent CCs of -0.63 for MAM and -0.56 for MAM-DJF for the period 1951–1980. Thus, the pre-monsoon seasonal pressure anomalies over WCI could provide a useful parameter for the long-range forecasting scheme of the Indian monsoon rainfall.     

Seasonal and spatial dynamics of nutrients and phytoplankton biomass in Victoria Harbour and its vicinity before and after sewage abatement

This study investigated the seasonal and spatial dynamics of nutrients and phytoplankton biomass at 12 stations in Hong Kong (HK) waters during a three year period from 2004 to 2006 after upgraded sewage treatment and compared these results to observations before sewage treatment. Pearl River estuary (PRE) discharge significantly increased NO(3) and SiO(4) concentrations, particularly in western and southern waters when rainfall and river discharge was maximal in summer. Continuous year round discharge of sewage effluent resulted in high NH(4) and PO(4) in Victoria Harbour (VH) and its vicinity. In winter, spring and fall, the water column at all stations was moderately mixed by winds and tidal currents, and phytoplankton biomass was relatively low compared to summer. In summer, the mean surface phytoplankton chl biomass was generally > 9 microL(-1) in most areas as a result of thermohaline stratification, and high nutrients, light, and water temperature. In summer, the potential limiting nutrient is PO(4) in the most productive southern waters and it seldom decreased to limiting levels ( approximately 0.1 microM), suggesting that phytoplankton growth may be only episodically limiting. The mean bottom dissolved oxygen (DO) remained > 3.5 mg L(-1) at most stations, indicating that the eutrophication impact in HK waters was not as severe as expected for such a eutrophic area. After the implementation of chemically enhanced primary sewage treatment in 2001, water quality in VH improved as indicated by a significant decrease in NH(4) and PO(4) and an increase in bottom DO. In contrast, there were an increase in chl a and NO(3), and a significant decrease in bottom DO in southern waters in summer, suggesting that hypoxic events are most likely to occur in this region if phytoplankton biomass and oxygen consumption keep increasing and exceed the buffering capacity of HK waters maintained by monsoon winds, tidal mixing and zooplankton grazing. Therefore, future studies on the long-term changes in nutrient loading from PRE and HK sewage discharge will be crucial for developing future strategies of sewage management in HK waters.     

用频率域台阵技术推测2001年昆仑山口西大地震的破裂时间与几何特征

概述频率域远场台阵技术应用于大地震能量辐射源的追踪原理,介绍利用这一技术追踪能量辐射源的一般步骤,并以2001年昆仑山口西大地震为例,分析资料处理中主要参数设置所需要考虑的关键因素. 通过分析埃塞俄比亚/肯尼亚地震台阵（EK台阵）的宽频带波形资料,获得了2001年昆仑山口西大地震的起始破裂点的位置,能量辐射源的空间分布特征,以及破裂持续时间. 根据EK台阵资料的分析结果,2001年昆仑山口西大地震的起始破裂点位于布喀达坂峰东侧（35.92deg;N,91.70deg;E）,破裂持续时间不超过160 s,破裂长度约520 km. 其中,初始破裂点以西为180 km,以东为340 km. 断层西段在布喀达坂峰附近向西南方向发生弯曲,与地表破裂吻合. 断层东段似乎在西大滩断裂附近向东北方向发生弯曲,其方向与西大滩断层的走向一致,但二者相距约30 km. 另外,分析结果似乎表明, 地震断层的西段近乎直立,而东段逐渐南倾.      

额济纳233年来胡杨树轮年表的建立 及其所记录的气象、水文变化*

通过胡杨树轮宽度的分析,建立了内蒙古额济纳地区过去233年来的STD,RES和ARS年表;并将树轮STD年表与采样点附近额济纳气象站的气温、降雨量以及狼心山水文站的地下水水位等记录进行了相关分析。结果表明,在额济纳地区显著影响该地胡杨生长的主要限制因子是地下水水位。胡杨树轮宽度年表与冬季及全年地下水水位相关性最高,分别为-0.808(p＜0.01)和-0.724(p＜0.05)。在此基础上,设计转换方程,重建了额济纳地区过去232年来冬季及全年地下水水位变化历史,冬季地下水水位重建方程的解释方差达76.3 % (调整自由度后为70.4 ％ ,n=11,r=0.874,F=12.881,p＜0.003),全年地下水水位重建方程的解释方差为72.8 ％ (调整自由度后为66.1 ％ ,n=11, r=0.854,F=10.731,p＜0.005)。     

Climate Reconstruction based on Pollen Analysis in Inner Mongolia, North China from 51.9 to 30.6 kaBP

The palynomorph assemblage of lake sediments younger than 51.9 kaBP from Wulagai Gobi in Inner Mongolia was analyzed to reconstruct the vegetation and climate.From 51.9 to 30.6kaBP,the vegetation was arid to semi-arid grassland with only slight changes.According to the palynomorphs,trees and shrubs were very rare.The large number and diversity of algae indicate the presence of a lake.Quantitative climatic conditions were reconstructed using the Best Analogues Method.The results indicate that the annual mean temperature was higher than that at present.The combination of temperature and annual precipitation suggests a change in the climate from cool dry to warm dry and then cool humid.Our results show that the annual precipitation values were mostly higher than that at present but were lower than 400 mm.It infers that the study area was already within the arid to semi-arid regions but with a stronger influence of the summer monsoon during 51.9to 30.6 kaBP than at present.With slight differences mainly in time scale,the changing trend of the annual temperature curve is consistent with the other climatic records from Antarctica,Greenland,Hulu Cave(East China),and the Tibetan Plateau during the last glacial period.From 30.6 kaBP to present,very few palynomorphs were detected in the samples.Hence,no information about the vegetation and climate could be extracted.Combined with other studies during Late Pleistocene,we presume that the reason for the lack of pollen during this period was caused by an abrupt temperature fall after 30.6 kaBP or that the lacustrine conditions were unsuitable for pollen deposition.It was probably incurred by the oxidation on land prior to deposition.But for those samples only with algae,it might be caused by the fact that algae could finish their life history in a very short time in a seasonal lake.