2005年11月哈密暴雪天气 过程的诊断分析

2005年11月18日凌晨至20日，哈密出现罕见暴雪天气过程，此次降雪强度大，范围集中，南部大，北部小。利用NCEP1°×1°的6小时分析资料和非常规观测资料，对此次哈密地区的暴雪天气过程的环流背景、影响天气系统进行了动力和热力的诊断分析，并利用Q矢量及螺旋度方法作了天气动力学诊断分析。结果表明：（1）新疆西部高压脊东移发展，引导萨彦岭低涡东移南压，移入哈密地区，造成哈密暴雪天气。（2）萨彦岭低涡是一较深厚系统，是低层辐合高层辐散的垂直上升气旋性涡柱，为暴雪发生提供了有利的动力机制。（3）冷暖平流交汇，增强了斜压性，有助于低涡的发展加强。冷平流对锋生起到重要作用。（4）Q矢量辐合区及螺旋度正值区与低涡有较好的对应关系，对哈密降雪的预报有一定的指示作用。     

从宽角地震数据得出的特提斯喜马拉雅南部的速度结构

作为ＩＮＤＥＰＴＨ计划的第一阶段，完成了一条跨过特提斯喜马拉雅南缘的深地震共中点（ＣＭＰ）剖面，它绘制出俯冲到喜马拉雅之下的印度大陆地壳的顶部（主喜马拉雅道冲或ＭＨＴ）和底部（莫霍层）轮廓。我们用移动式地震仪记录了ＣＭＰ剖面的爆炸，偏移距最大达１５５ｋｍ。短偏移距数据证实了ＣＭＰ剖面的数据，而我们的大偏移距数据则以强反射带为主。我们将这一反射带的强的初始相位解释为藏南滑脱系（ＳＴＤ），而其最后一个相位则为ＭＨＴ的反映。我们用ＣＭＰ剖面的初动数据去详细地模拟最上部２ｋｍ的结构。亚东裂谷系中年青的伸展盆地的深度约束在２ｋｍ，给出了裂谷东侧的断距为４．６ｋｍ，在特提斯喜马拉雅内的正断层，Ｅ－Ｗ向伸展１．５％。宽角数据用于建立地表到ＭＨＴ的地震波速度模型。ＳＴＤ反射体北倾１３°，从约６ｋｍ深（在ＣＭＰ剖面南端之下）到２２ｋｍ深，然后变平，倾角减至５°。这样，我们的观测提出ＳＴＤ是一个深的基底断裂，对ＭＨＴ，我们观测到倾角为７５°，ＮＮＥ倾，从高喜马拉雅山脊下的－２０ｋｍ海拔到雅鲁藏布江缝合带南约７０ｋｍ处的－３６ｋｍ海拔（地表下４０ｋｍ）。我们提出印度地壳可能俯冲到缝合带地表之下，却不可能是整体俯冲。     

Two-layered, 2D unsteady eutrophication model in boundary-fitted coordinate system

The decline of water quality in Tolo Harbour in recent years is an example of eutrophication. This paper delineates a robust unsteady two-layered, 2D finite difference numerical model for eutrophication in coastal waters. The modelling is based upon the numerically generated boundary-fitted orthogonal curvilinear grid system and integrated with a hydrodynamic model. It simulates the transport and transformation of nine water quality constituents associated with eutrophication in the waters, i.e. three organic parameters (carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus), four inorganic parameters (dissolved oxygen, ammonia, nitrite + nitrate and orthophosphate), and two biological constituents (phytoplankton and zooplankton). Key kinetic coefficients are calibrated with the field data. The hydrodynamic, pollution source and solar radiation data in the model are real-time simulated. The computational results show that the present model mimic the stratification tendency for eutrophication phenomena during summer time in the Tolo Harbour successfully. The model running time for the long-term simulation is not excessive and it can be run on a microcomputer.     

Response of single benthic metrics and multi-metric methods to anthropogenic pressure gradients, in five distinct European coastal and transitional ecosystems

In recent times many benthic indices have been proposed to assess the ecological quality of marine waters worldwide. In this study we compared single metrics and multi-metric methods to assess coastal and transitional benthic status along human pressure gradients in five distinct environments across Europe: Varna bay and lake (Bulgaria), Lesina lagoon (Italy), Mondego estuary (Portugal), Basque coast (Spain) and Oslofjord (Norway). Hence, 13 single metrics (abundance, number of taxa, and several diversity and sensitivity indices) and eight of the most common indices used within the European Water Framework Directive (WFD) for benthic assessment were selected: index of size spectra (ISS), Benthic assessment tool (BAT), Norwegian quality index (NQI), Multivariate AMBI (M-AMBI), Benthic quality index (BQI), (Benthic ecosystem quality index (BEQI), Benthic index based on taxonomic sufficiency (BITS), and infaunal quality index (IQI). Within each system, sampling sites were ordered in an increasing pressure gradient according to a preliminary classification based on professional judgement. The different indices are largely consistent in their response to pressure gradient, except in some particular cases (i.e. BITS, in all cases, or ISS when a low number of individuals is present). Inconsistencies between indicator responses were most pronounced in transitional waters (i.e. IQI, BEQI), highlighting the difficulties of the generic application of indicators to all marine, estuarine and lagoonal environments. However, some of the single (i.e. ecological groups approach, diversity, richness) and multi-metric methods (i.e. BAT, M-AMBI, NQI) were able to detect such gradients both in transitional and coastal environments, being these multi-metric methods more consistent in the detection than single indices. This study highlights the importance of survey design and good reference conditions for some indicators. The agreement observed between different methodologies and their ability to detect quality trends across distinct environments constitutes a promising result for the implementation of the WFD’s monitoring plans. Moreover, these results have management implications, regarding the dangers of misclassification, uncertainty in the assessment, use of conflicting indices, and testing and validation of indices.     

喀什地区夏季降水特征及南亚高压对夏季大降水的影响

利用1981—2018年喀什地区11个国家站逐日降水观测资料,采用数理统计方法分析了喀什地区夏季降水气候和气候变化特征,结果表明:喀什地区夏季降水量总体呈增多趋势,平原和山区均增多趋势显著,从年际变化来看,2010年以来一直处于降水偏多期。按南亚高压中心位置不同,南亚高压可分为东部型、西部型、双体型、带状型,1981—2018年喀什地区夏季大降水双体型为42%,东部型为39%,西部型为16%,带状型为4%。典型个例分析表明:大尺度环流背景下产生的大降水天气有短时强降水,也有持续性降水天气,根据影响系统的不同产生的降水性质和强度、落区等有显著差异。     

人造卫星的历史与发展

太空时代正式开始于1957年10月4日,世界第一颗人造卫星——“旅伴1号”是在那天由苏联射人轨道的。它是一个直径23英寸(58厘米)、重185磅(84千克)的球体,是用经过改装的洲际弹道     

华南地区栖霞组“菊花石”假象与海泡石矿成因关系探讨

根据对华南地区二叠系栖霞组内菊花石假象的成因研究,结合对该组内燧石结核,菊花石内正延性玉髓和海泡石形成时代关系的现状关系的观察,认为华南地区栖霞组内的海泡石形成于早期成岩作用过程中,与该组内燧石结核和菊花石假象内的正延性玉髓同期形成,其成因既与高盐度的沉积环境或高盐度的成岩环境条件无关,也与热液活动无关。     

Biosorption of heavy metals by a marine bacterium

Heavy metal chelation property of exopolysaccharide produced by Enterobacter cloaceae, a marine bacterium, isolated from the West Coast of India, is reported in this paper. The exopolysaccharide demonstrated excellent chelating properties with respect to cadmium (65%) followed by copper (20%) and cobalt (8%) at 100 mg/l heavy metal concentration. However, it could not chelate mercury. A comparative study of the percentage biosorption of the above mentioned metals is presented here.     

南极春季臭氧的减少——臭氧洞

一、前言人们通过地面陶普生观测网和人造卫星在世界范围内连续对臭氧层进行了长期观测,发现了臭氧层的人为改变这一问题,其变动情况正成为许多研究人员的兴趣中心。作为本文的主题——南极春季臭氧减少的现象(所谓的臭氧洞)是在极地这一观测上易于被人们忽视的地方发现的。极地本来观测站     

南疆西部干旱区两次极端暴雨过程对比分析

利用常规气象观测资料、NCEP再分析资料、ERA5分析场数据等资料,对南疆西部两次极端暴雨过程的环境条件和形成机理进行对比分析,以更深入理解南疆极端降水特征和产生机制。两次过程分别发生在春季和夏季,高层环流存在显著差异,南亚高压分别呈东部型和双体型,但配合中层的“阶梯槽”形势,均为极端降水提供了特殊有利的环流背景。低空700～850 hPa偏东急流是南疆西部极端降水发生的重要天气系统,其不但是暴雨发生地主要水汽通道,还与地形形成强烈辐合,是极端降水重要的触发和水汽集中机制。引入二阶湿位涡对两次暴雨过程的非均匀特征及可能产生机制进行了对比分析。结果表明,二阶湿位涡高值区与降水的发展演变呈现较高一致性,二阶湿位涡主分量包含对流稳定度与绝对涡度垂直梯度的耦合,体现极端降水大气的主要动热力结构特点:发生在2021年6月15～16日的夏季过程,极端降水区主要位于昆仑山沿线,与塔里木盆地南侧强烈的低层气旋性旋转有关,旋转促进水汽快速集中,垂直方向表现为中层负涡度叠加于正涡度之上,垂直涡度梯度显著,同时水汽抬升凝结,中层大气加湿加热,对流稳定度在垂直方向非均匀性增强,两种垂直梯度结构均有助于垂直运动增强,促进极端降水形成;发生在2020年4月17～24日的春季过程,降水主要位于南疆西部喇叭口地形区,“阶梯槽”形势造成的越山干冷气流和塔里木盆地的偏东暖湿气流辐合,形成中层正涡度带,激发上升运动,是极端降水的主要成因。