Responses of water yield and dissolved inorganic carbon export to forest recovery in the Houzhai karst basin,southwest China

Karst terrain (carbonate rocks) covers a vast land of 0.446 million km² in southwest China. Water yield and carbonate rocks weathering in this region have been receiving increased attention due to a large‐scale forest recovery. Using both hydrological measurements and forest inventories from 1986 to 2007 in the Houzhai karst basin (HKB), we analyzed the responses of water yield and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) export to forest recovery in southwest China. With implementation of both the Natural Forest Conservation Program (NFCP) and the Conversion of Farmland to Forests Program (CFFP), the fraction of forest area in HKB was increased from near zero to 18.9% during the study period, but the ratio of total water yield (surface and underground) to precipitation varied very little over the annual period, neither in wet season nor in dry season. By contrast, the concentration of DIC in water, especially in the surface water had a pronounced increase during the study period, with an increase of 0.53 and 0.25 g C m^?3 yr^?1 for surface water and underground water, respectively. As a result, total annual DIC export at mean annual rainfall significantly increased from the low to high forest area stage. This increase was largely driven by surface water during the wet season, presumably being related to biological activity. It was concluded that forest recovery in HKB had no significant effect on water yield, but resulted in more carbon dioxide (CO₂) dissolved in karst water accompanying with carbon uptake by forests. Our results suggested that implementations of both NFCP and CFFP had no shifted water yield regimes in southwest China; instead, they might have alleviated global climate change by increasing carbon uptake through combined biological processes and carbonate rocks weathering. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Long‐term water budget imbalances and error sources for cold region drainage basins

This study assessed the long‐term (1979–2008) water budget closures for 19 large cold region drainage basins in Canada using recently developed datasets for precipitation (P), land surface evapotranspiration and water surface evaporation, and observed streamflow. Total water storage (TWS) trends from the GRACE satellite observations were also used to assist the assessment. The objectives are to quantify the magnitudes and spatial patterns of the water budget imbalance (ε) and its source of errors for these cold region basins. Results showed that the water budget was closed within 10% of the P on average for all the basins. The ε showed a general pattern of positive values in the south and negative values in the north and mountainous regions over the country. Basins with large ε values were mostly found in the north. Uncertainties in the water budget variables, particularly P, were found to play a major role in the ε. Significant trends in TWS were found over 11 basins, which accounted for 31% of their ε on average. Improvements in the observation network, data quality assurance, and spatial models for P are critical for further improving the water budget closure for the cold region drainage basins. © 2014 Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada. Hydrological Processes. © John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

综合物探技术在山西某整合矿井的应用

山西某整合矿井地表条件复杂,目的层埋深变化大,部分区段煤层埋藏较浅,且有采空区存在,为解决该矿地质构造、采空区范围及其富水性以及影响煤层开采的其它水文地质问题,采用三维地震勘探与瞬变电磁法、直流电测深法相结合的综合物探技术。利用三维地震勘探解决目的层赋存形态及其地质构造问题;再利用瞬变电磁法进行平面控制,以使平面及深度解释误差达到勘探要求;应用直流电测深法及瞬变电磁进行勘探,在正反演解释的基础上对其资料综合分析、对比,并结合三维地震资料,确定地质构造的富水及导水性,取得了较好勘探效果。     

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Seasonal variation of fatty acids from drip water in Heshang Cave, central China

In order to investigate how lipids in cave water respond to seasonal climate change, drip water samples were collected from 2006 to 2008 in Heshang Cave, central China for fatty acid analysis. These lipids are abundant in the drip water. Their compositions are dominated by lower-molecular-weight nC16:0, nC18:0 and nC14:0 acids, together with mono-unsaturated nC18:1, nC16:1 and nC14:1. Analysis of one water sample revealed marked differences between the dissolved and particulate fractions. The dissolved fraction contains total fatty acids one order of magnitude higher than that of the particulate fraction. The distributional patterns of the fatty acids suggest that microbes living in the overlying soils and/or groundwater system contribute most fatty acids to the drip water. This 2-a monitoring experiment reveals that the abundance of mono-unsaturated fatty acids relative to the saturated homologues (nC16:1/nC16:0 and nC18:1/nC18:0) relate inversely to the changes of synchronous external air temperature. Higher values occur under cold conditions (winter/spring), while lower values appear in warm intervals (summer). Further studies are needed to elucidate the dynamic processes by which the external temperature affects fatty acids in drip water and to confirm the potential application of fatty acid ratios such as nC16:1/nC16:0 and nC18:1/nC18:0 in paleotemperature reconstructions.     

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基于航空影像的屋顶半自动重建研究

以航空影像为数据源,设计了一套完整的屋顶快速半自动建模方案。整个建模流程可分为数据获取、数据预处理、几何建模、纹理映射4个阶段。在数据获取阶段,定义了适合于后续建模的两种房屋的屋顶编码方式。在几何建模阶段,利用带约束条件的Delaunay三角构网来构建复杂屋顶几何结构。在纹理映射阶段,提出了一种纹理优化选择算法,选择最佳纹理进行贴图。实验结果表明,此半自动建模方法重建屋顶模型正确率高,纹理贴图精度满足要求。     

官司河流域防护林结构调整及景观格局变化

利用2005年度的IKONOS4卫片解译数据、1:1万林相图、2007年度森林资源二类小班调查资料,结合样地调查数据以及四川省林业科学研究院森林生态效益定位站(四川绵阳新桥)径流场的有关数据,对绵阳官司河流域的防护林结构进行了调整,并对调整前后的生态经济效益和景观格局的变化进行了对比分析.结果表明:目前本区的林地面积分配不合理.针阔混交林面积偏小,仅占整个有林地面积的14.97%,而针针混交林的面积却占了27.37%,针叶纯林的面积更是占了42.48%.从物种多样性、均匀度以及生态优势度综合来看,均表现出混交林优于纯林.经调整后各类防护林面积比例为针阔混交林28.05%、灌木林17.28%、经济林13.27%、阔叶纯林13.13%、针针混交林11.04%、针叶纯林10.89%、草地6.34%.针阔混交林面积明显增加,从原来的124.39 hm2增加到现在的233.13 hm2,增加了87.42%.经济林的面积有所增加,从原来的96.67 hm2增加到调整后的110.30 hm2.本区防护林土地利用的生态效益指数由调整前的2 053.93点上升到调整后的2 327.39点,净增了13.31%,经济效益指数则从调整前的2 300.40点上升到调整后的2 493.63点,净增了8.40%.景观多样性指数(H)和景观均匀度指数(E)分别由调整前的1.826 1和0.523 8增加到调整后的2.192 3和0.768 3,分别增加了20.05%和46.68%.景观优势度和蔓延度指数由调整前的0.734 8和0.732 7减少到调整后的0.381 6和0.692 8.说明景观的异质性提高,向着多样化和均匀化方向发展.调整后各景观要素的边缘密度和斑块密度减少,其斑块向小型化发展,景观破碎度增加.调整后各要素的散布与分列指数IJI都有明显的增加,说明其空间关系趋于复杂化.聚集度指数AI增大,其斑块越来越聚集,斑块的结合底在增大.各景观要素的LSI都有不同程度的减少,而分维数都有不同程度的增加,说明其斑块复杂程度减少,稳定性增加.     

赣南葛廷坑钼矿辉钼矿Re-Os年龄及其地质意义

赣南葛廷坑钼矿为产在花岗斑岩与围岩内外接触带的中型斑岩型钼矿床。通过对矿区含矿石英脉中7个辉钼矿样品进行Re Os同位素测定,获得等时线年龄及模式年龄的加权平均值分别为(1594±16)和(1588±13) Ma。等时线初始187Os为(0001±0055)ng/g,MSWD=17。葛廷坑钼矿形成于中侏罗世中晚期,其成矿年龄对应于华南中晚侏罗世第二成矿阶段(170～150 Ma),与区域内160 Ma左右的钨锡矿成矿作用基本一致。区域上华南钼的成矿时间具有连续性,在165～90 Ma均有发生。     

西湖凹陷平湖组层序地层划分和聚煤特征

西湖凹陷是我国东海盆地的一个次级凹陷,在凹陷断陷期的末期阶段发育的平湖组是一套含煤岩系,同时也是西湖凹陷的主力烃源岩。在对西湖凹陷地震、钻测井及岩心资料综合分析的基础上,在平湖组中识别出3个长期基准面旋回,其中发育了10个中期基准面旋回。平湖组发育煤层的主要沉积环境有潮汐影响的三角洲平原、潮汐影响的三角洲前缘的分流间湾和潮上带及辫状河三角洲前缘分流间湾。平湖组发育的3个层序是煤层发育的主要部位,其中长期基准面旋回LSC2是煤层最发育的层段。可容纳空间的大小控制着煤层在西湖凹陷平湖组短期基准面旋回中的发育位置:在高的可容纳空间背景下,煤层主要发育于短期基准面下降半旋回的中上部;在低的可容纳空间背景下,煤层主要发育于短期基准面旋回的最大可容纳空间处。