The stability of differential rotation with non-axisymmetric perturbations

A plane-wave analysis on a simplified scheme based on the Boussinesq approximation and shallow convection is used to establish the necessary conditions for stability of a differentiallyrotating, compressible flow between two coaxial cylinders subject to non-axisymmetric perturbations. To test the adequateness of this simplification, the sufficient conditions for stability are again established which agree with those obtained by a normal-mode analysis on an exact scheme in an earlier paper by the author. This model is applicable to stellar models with rotation Ω=Ω(ω), where ω is the radial distance from the axis of rotation (thez-axis). A necessary condition for stability, in the non-dissipative case, is found to be that $$\frac{1}{\varrho }G_\varpi S_\varpi + \frac{{k_z^2 }}{M}\Phi - \frac{1}{4}\frac{{m^2 }}{M}\left( {D\Omega } \right)^2 \geqslant 0$$ everywhere. Here,m andk _z are the wave numbers in the ø- andz-direction, \(M \equiv k_z^2 + m^2 /\varpi ^2 ,D \equiv d/d\varpi ,G_\varpi \equiv - \varrho ^{ - 1} Dp,\varrho \) the density,p the pressure,S _ω and Φ the Schwarzschild and the Rayleigh discriminants defined as \(S_\varpi \equiv \left( {\gamma p/\varrho } \right)^{ - 2} Dp - D\varrho and \Phi \equiv ^{ - 3} d\left( {\varpi ^4 \Omega ^2 } \right)/d\varpi \) respectively, γ the ratio of specific heats. This condition is also a sufficient one. Some conjectures regarding the stabilizing influence of uniform rotation and the destabilizing influence of differential rotation are also verified. The most striking instability mechanism introduced by shear forces and by radiative dissipation is the excitation of the stable motion of small oscillations into that of oscillations with growing amplitude, i. e., overstability. In the case of radiative dissipation and axisymmetric perturbations, the Goldreich-Schubert criterion is only necessary but not sufficient for stability. Instability sets in as soon as the Schwarzschild criterion is violated. When the perturbations are non-axisymmetric, instability always sets in as overstability as long as rotation is differential. This may explain the convective turbulence in the upper atmosphere where the radiation is active.     

Temporal dynamics of subtidal Zostera marina and intertidal Zostera japonica on the southern coast of Korea

The temporal dynamics of two seagrass species, Zostera marina and Z. japonica, were monitored monthly in Dadae Bay, Geoje Island, on the southern coast of Korea. Plant morphological characteristics, shoot density, biomass, leaf production, reproductive effort, and environmental characteristics were monitored from July 2001 to July 2002. Zostera japonica occurred in the intertidal zone and Z. marina occurred in the subtidal zone from 0.5 to 2.5 m below the mean low water level. Shoots and rhizomes were significantly larger in Z. marina than in Z. japonica, whereas the shoot density was greater in Z. japonica than in Z. marina. Despite differences in morphology and shoot density, biomass did not differ significantly between the species. Reproduction occurred from April to June in Z. marina and from May to July in Z. japonica. The proportion of reproductive shoots was approximately three times higher in Z. marina than in Z. japonica. Seasonal variation in the biomass of Z. japonica was caused by changes in both shoot size and density, whereas that of Z. marina was mainly caused by changes in shoot length. Leaf production in Z. marina and Z. japonica showed clear seasonal variation, and leaf production in Z. marina (2.6 ± 0.2 g DW·m⁻²·day⁻¹) was higher than that in Z. japonica (1.7 ± 0.2 g DW·m⁻²·day⁻¹). The mean plastochrone interval was not significantly different between the two species, whereas the leaf lifetime of Z. marina was longer (69 ± 7.8 days) than that of Z. japonica (59 ± 8.3 days). Our results indicated that seasonal leaf growth patterns in Z. japonica are correlated with irradiance and temperature, whereas those in Z. marina respond most to irradiance. Seasonal changes in irradiance appeared to control the temporal variation in above‐ground biomass in both species.     

The effect of temperature and salinity on survival and growth of Crangon uritai (Decapoda: Crangonidae) larvae reared in the laboratory

Larvae of the decapod Crangon uritai were reared in the laboratory in a factorial experiment employing three temperatures (9, 12 and 15 °C) and three salinities (29‰, 32‰ and 35‰) from hatching to the post‐larval stage. The effects of temperature and salinity on survival, intermolt period (IP) and molt increment (MI) were investigated. Larvae from one brood were subdivided into groups of 20 and reared in glass bowls containing filtered sea‐water at a number of temperature–salinity combinations. The reared larvae were transferred daily to the clean bowls prepared with newly hatched Artemianauplii, and number of molts and mortality within each bowl were recorded. The zoeal size (carapace length) was determined from exuvia and dead larvae, and the IP was also recorded. Larvae of C. uritai completed larval development only at 15 °C temperature. The first zoeal stage completed their development at all temperature–salinity combinations and exhibited the highest survival rate. IP at each stage increased with increasing size and greatly decreased with increasing temperature, and intermolt duration (range of days) increased with larval development especially at the lower temperature. Although the MI decreased with increasing size, it was little affected by temperature. This led to a better growth rate with increasing temperature.     

The First Record of Long Headed Eagle Ray,Aetobatus flagellum (Pisces: Myliobatidae) from Korea

A specimen ofAetobatus flagellum was collected at Uljin in June 2005 for the first time in Korea. This specimen is characterized by the cephalic fin, the long snout, the dorsal fin between pelvic fins, spiracles on the dorsal side of the disc, the deeply notched nasal curtain and the one row of the teeth in the lower and the upper jaws. And unlikeAetobatus narinari, it does not have any spots on the its dorsal side of the disc. We report this specimen as the first record from Korea and name it ‘Bak-jui-ga-o-ri’ in Korean.     

Lithospheric mantle signatures as revealed by zircon Hf isotopes of Late Triassic post‐collisional plutons from the central Korean peninsula,and their tectonic implications

The Mesozoic tectonic architecture of the Korean peninsula is largely governed by the continental collision between the North and South China blocks. Zircon Hf isotopic compositions presented in this study and whole‐rock geochemical and Sr‐Nd isotope data in the literature collectively suggest that the lithophile‐elements‐enriched signature of the Late Triassic post‐collisional plutons from the Gyeonggi massif in central Korea is a primary feature inherited from the metasomatized mantle lithosphere. Highly negative zircon ε_Hf (t) values (?23 to ?19) of plutons from the middle and eastern parts of the massif indicate an ancient metasomatism of their mantle source. Distinctly higher zircon ε_Hf (t) values (?15 to ?12) from the southwestern plutons are ascribed to a contribution from an accreted component of the South China‐like block. The involvement of asthenospheric mantle is not recognized in zircons from either group. The implications of these isotopic features are discussed in the context of Mesozoic collisional tectonics.     

Measurement of solid suspension concentration and flow velocity with temperature compensation using a portable ultrasonic device

Abstract

Ultrasonic spectroscopy is highly suitable for real-time measurement, in particular for dense particle systems. In the present study, a novel measurement device, namely a portable ultrasonic device (PUD), is designed and manufactured for measuring solid suspension concentration and flow velocity simultaneously with respect to the propagation of ultrasound waves in a solid–liquid mixture at different temperatures. A series of experiments were conducted in the laboratory to obtain the ultrasonic attenuation of kaolin and reservoir sediment solutions within a wide range of concentrations (1000–300 000 mg/L) at various temperatures (15–27°C). The resulting data were regressed to establish linear functions of attenuation and temperature for concentration. The experimental data were compared with theoretical simulated results to show the effect of particle size distribution on concentration measurement. The flow meter part of the PUD was verified by a standard-speed carriage in the towing tank. According to experimental tests by PUD, it was demonstrated that the accuracy for concentration in full scale is ±5%, and the accuracy for flow velocity is ±2%. Compared with sampled data, good agreements were also found by employing the PUD for sediment concentration and flow velocity measurements in turbidity currents during typhoon floods in a reservoir, which demonstrates that the PUD is operable and reliable on site.

Editor D. Koutsoyiannis; Associate editor K. Heal

Citation Huang, Y.J., Sung, C.C., Lai, J.S., Lee, F.Z., Hwang, G.W., and Tan, Y.C., 2013. Measurement of solid suspension concentration and flow velocity with temperature compensation using a portable ultrasonic device. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 58 (3), 615–626.     

The effect of urbanization on stream hydrology in hillslope watersheds in central Texas

This study examined the effect of urbanization on stream hydrology in hillslope watersheds. Ten streams (seven in hillslope and three in gentle slope watersheds) around Austin, Texas were selected for analysis. For each stream, we compared parameters of transfer function (TF) models estimated from daily rainfall and streamflow data collected in two study periods (October 1988–September 1992 and October 2004–September 2008) representing different degrees of watershed urbanization. As expected, the streams became more intermittent as the watersheds were more urbanized in all the study streams. However, the effect of urbanization on peakflow differs between hillslope and gentle slope watersheds. After watershed urbanization, peakflow increased in gentle slope watersheds, but decreased in hillslope watersheds. Based on the results of the TF models, we found that urbanization made stream not flashier but drier in hillslope watersheds. Overpumpage of aquifer has been recognized as a problem that leads to the stream dryness in the study area. However, the overpumpage alone cannot explain the differences in hydrological changes between the two types of watersheds. We attributed the reduced peakflow and stream dryness in the hillslope watersheds to land grading for construction forming stair‐stepped or terraced landscape. Compared with natural hillslope, a stair‐stepped landscape could infiltrate more stormwater by slowing down surface runoff on tread portions of the stair. Our findings suggest that a watershed management scheme should take into account local hydrogeologic conditions to mitigate the stream dryness resulting from urbanization in hillslope watersheds. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.