Laboratory investigations of the role of biofilms on stream-bed surfaces in debris-flow runout

Debris-flow runout is a fascinating process to understand due to its implications for downstream alluvial fans. Based on the propagation-deposition behaviors of the Dongyuege (DYG) debris flow, in Yunnan, the effect of biofilms on channel surfaces on debris-flow runout is investigated in laboratory flumes with two different internal surfaces: surfaces are lined with granite slabs (Model I) and gravel (Model II), respectively. Our results show that biofilms can significantly reduce frictional resistance to flows. They increase flow velocities, slow down the deceleration of the snouts, prolong runout distances, and subsequently extend the areas covered with resulting deposits, thus greatly assisting the propagation of experimental debris flows. Slippery biofilms consisting mainly of diatoms and their extracellular mucus (ECM) reduce the contact friction between the flume-beds and the overlying fluids, and greatly promote the propagation of tested flows. Well-developed biofilms are found on the underwater channel surfaces of the DYG Creek. Acting as lubricating layers, they likely played a key role in the DYG debris-flow runout. Most of the debris transported during the DYG event was deposited on overbanks, and the sediment that caused the disaster was transported to the populated fan region through the stream-bed clad in the thick biofilms. Owing to their impacts on the development and width of the temporary debris dam breach, the stream-bed covered with biofilms became a direct contributor to the debris-flow hazard. Because of the ubiquitous presence of biofilms on mountain stream-bed surfaces, the development of perennial streamflows can be viewed as an indicator of gully susceptibility to debris flows threatening creek fans. The underwater areas of pre-event channel cross-sections should be regarded as slip or low-friction boundaries, and the parts above stream-levels can be viewed as no-slip boundaries. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

光轴角近90°时二轴晶光性正负的判别

二轴晶光率体光性正负有两种判别方法：一种是根据光轴角（２Ｖ）的锐角平分线（Ｂｘａ）与Ｎｇ一致还是与Ｎｐ一致来判别，其临界点是２ｙ＝９０°；另一种是根据三个主拆射率的相对大小来判别．由于二轴晶光率体为三轴椭球体，在其临界点Ｎｇ一Ｎｍ＝Ｎｍ一Ｎｐ时，光轴角并不等于９０°。就是说，两种判别方法的临界点不一致。本文从光率体几何特性研究入手，通过几何及数学方法，着重讨论上述两种判别方法在其临界点时的相对关系，并结合实际例证，认为二轴晶光率体光性正负的临界点不能只确定为一个点，而应限定在一个范围，即２Ｖ＝９０°到Ｎｇ－Ｎｍ＝Ｎｍ－Ｎｐ之间。     

甘肃西峰黄土中细菌16S rDNA 文库的构建与组成初步分析

对黄土高原西峰地区黄土沉积物中的有机质进行了总DNA 提取和PCR（聚合酶链式反应）扩增,通过克隆测序技 术构建了含有44 个克隆子的细菌16S rDNA 文库。对16S rDNA 系统发育的分析表明,西峰地区的黄土沉积物中细菌可分属 13 个类群,包括：酸杆菌（Acidobacteria）、变形菌（Proteobacteria）、放线菌（Actinobacteria）、绿弯菌（Chloroflexi）、厚壁菌（Firmicutes）、疣微菌（Verrucomicrobia）、浮霉菌（Planctomycetes）、芽单胞菌（Gemmatimonadetes）、异常球菌-栖热菌（Deinococcus-Thermus）、硝化螺旋菌（Nitrospirae）、蓝细菌（Cyanobacteria）、拟杆菌（Bacteroidetes）和Candidate divisionTG1。其中酸杆菌为最主要优势类群,变形菌为次优势类群,二者占黄土细菌总克隆数的70%,且大多为不可培养的基因型。     

京西北地区地应变观测与小震震源机制解一致性研究

以京西北地区作为研究区域,采用应变参数方法解算定点地应变观测数据,将所得应变参数时间序列作为研究对象,利用该结果与研究区内同期小震震源机制解进行一致性分析,研究得出呈拉张性质的定点观测最大主应变方位与震源机制解最大拉张变形方向（T轴）水平投影具有良好的对应性,整体以NNW—NE向为主,且自西向东排布的测点最大主应变方位与震源机制解最大拉张变形方向均表现为逐渐东向偏移的趋势,与华北平原块体北部发生顺时针旋转活动的特征相吻合,结果进一步检验了地应变观测反映区域应变场信息的能力。     

The rotation of 53 Be stars

Through spectral observations we obtained the rotational velocity Vsini for 53 Be stars, and estimated the values of V and i on the basis of Hutching's method. We analysed the effect of rotation on the width of emission lines and used the emission peak separation to determine the relative size of the shell and the photosphere and the dilution factor. We discuss in depth fast rotating models where stellar winds are present and their relation to the Be phenomenon.     

Fatigue-Damage Evolution Characteristics of Interbeded Marble Subjected to Dynamic Uniaxial Cyclic Loads

In this work, uniaxial fatigue tests combined with post-test X-ray computed tomography (CT) scanning were conducted on marble samples with different interbed orientations, in order to reveal the anisotropic damage evolution characteristics during rock failure. The dynamic elastic modulus, damping ratio, fatigue deformation, damage evolution, accumulative damage modeling and crack pattern were systematically analyzed. The testing results indicate that the interbed structure in marble affects the damage evolution and the associated dynamic mechanical behaviors. The damage curve in “S” style indicates three-stage trend, namely, initial damage stage, steady damage stage and the accelerated damage stage. The damage index during cyclic deformation for marble presents obvious discrepancy. In addition, a fatigue damage prediction models was employed numerically as double-term power equations based on the experimental data. It is found that the selected damage model is suitable in modeling the rapid damage growth in the early and final stage of rock fatigue lifetime. Moreover, post-test CT scanning further reveals the anisotropic damage characteristics of marble, the crack pattern in the fractured sample is controlled by the interbed structure. What is more, the most striking founding is that the fracture degree is in consistent with the damage accumulation within the steady damage stage. Through a series of damage mechanical behavior analysis, the internal mechanism of the effect of interbed orientation on damage evolution of marble is firstly documented.

     

树根桩在厂房扩建工程地基处理中的应用

在苏南某工业厂房扩建工程中,为了妥善解决新旧熔炉区的不均匀沉降,通过多方案的比选,最终采用树根桩托换技术进行地基加固。并且对新旧熔炉区的基础进行了化学植筋连接和防渗漏处理。     

位场小波变换研究进展

小波变换的具有多尺度分析的特点,在位场资料分析中得到了广泛应用.本文总结了位场小波变换的理论基础及应用现状,介绍了位场小波基函数的概念.小波分析可以应用于位场分离、去噪、反演及综合地质解释等分析.文中从小波的数学性质和物理意义等角度讨论了位场资料处理中小波基函数的选取问题.     

Cracking mechanisms during galena mineralization in a sandstone-hosted lead–zinc ore deposit: case study of the Jinding giant sulfide deposit, Yunnan, SW China

There are two types of lead–zinc ore bodies, i.e., sandstone-hosted ores (SHO) and limestone-hosted ores (LHO), in the Jinding giant sulfide deposit, Yunnan, SW China. Structural analysis suggests that thrust faults and dome structures are the major structural elements controlling lead–zinc mineralization. The two types of ore bodies are preserved in two thrust sheets in a three-layered structural profile in the framework of the Jinding dome structure. The SHO forms the cap of the dome and LHO bodies are concentrated beneath the SHO cap in the central part of the dome. Quartz, feldspar and calcite, and sphalerite, pyrite, and galena are the dominant mineral components in the sandstone-hosted lead–zinc ores. Quartz and feldspar occur as detrital clasts and are cemented by diagenetic calcite and epigenetic sulfides. The sulfide paragenetic sequence during SHO mineralization is from early pyrite to galena and late sphalerite. Galena occurs mostly in two types of cracks, i.e., crescent-style grain boundary cracks along quartz–pyrite, or rarely along pyrite–pyrite boundaries, and intragranular radial cracks in early pyrite grains surrounding quartz clasts. The radial cracks are more or less perpendicular to the quartz–pyrite grain boundaries and do not show any overall (whole rock) orientation pattern. Their distribution, morphological characteristics, and geometrical relationships with quartz and pyrite grains suggest the predominant role of grain-scale cracking. Thermal expansion cracking is one of the most important mechanisms for the generation of open spaces during galena mineralization. Cracking due to heating or cooling by infiltrating fluids resulted from upwelling fluid phases through fluid passes connecting the SHO and LHO bodies, provided significant spaces for crystallization of galena. The differences in coefficients of thermal expansion between pyrite and quartz led to a difference in volume changes between quartz grains and pyrite grains surrounding them and contributed to cracking of the pyrite grains when temperature changed. Combined thermal expansion and elastic mismatch due to heating and subsequent cooling resulted in the radial and crescent cracking in the pyrite grains and along the quartz–pyrite grain boundaries.     

Hydraulic redistribution in the Inner Mongolia Huangfuchuan basins under different climate scenarios

This paper describes the scaling up to a day scale of the Ryel hour scale model incorporating the process of hydraulic redistribution (HR). The Ryel model was applied to the Inner Mongolia Huangfuchuan basins to analyze transpiration, evaporation and stomatal conductance of Artemisia tridentate, and to indicate the added value of the feedback by comparing simulations with and without incorporating HR. Five climate scenarios were designed based on 40-y continuous climate data from the study area and the response of HR to the different climate scenarios was modeled. Under 1991 climate conditions, cumulative transpiration and evaporation with HR during the growing season were 161.7 mm and 206.14 mm, respectively, compared with transpiration of 140.7 mm and evaporation of 174.2 mm without HR. Under the five different climate change scenarios, HR influenced evaporation more than transpiration. The effect of HR on transpiration, evaporation and stomatal conductance was very different among the scenarios. Inclusion of HR gave rise to the largest increase in transpiration and evaporation under the T2P0 scenario and the smallest under the T2P2 scenario, but transpiration and evaporation decreased under the T0P-2 scenario. Stomatal conductance significantly increased with the inclusion of HR. The model used in this study has potential benefits for incorporating HR into soil processes, such as water movement and mass transfer.