Amalgamation of North China Craton with Alxa Block in the Late of Early Paleozoic: Evidengce from Sedmentary Sequences in the Niushou Mountain, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, NW China

华北与阿拉善两个古陆块是何时拼合在一起的,一直是地质界激烈争论的问题.本文报道了宁夏牛首山西南麓出露的泥盆纪与石炭纪地层波痕及斜层理等沉积构造和构造变形方面的新资料,结合前人近年来获得的区域上奥陶纪砂岩碎屑锆石年龄资料,推测华北与阿拉善两个古陆拼合发生在晚奥陶世至泥盆纪早期之间的某一地质时期.     

Dating Fault Activity Based on Surface Texture of Quartz Grains from the Bailong River Fault

Much important information referring to fault motion （e.g., fault activities period, intensity, frequency, and even dynamic background） can be revealed by resolving fault gouge, which is the result of fault motion while extruding or grinding. The field investigation encompassed sample collecting from the Bailong River fault system of the western segment of the Qinling Orogenic Belt （QOB）; 44 samples of fault gouges were collected for quartz micro-morphology analysis. These samples were analyzed using field emission scanning electron microscopy. In addition, 14 samples were tested for thermo-luminescence dating. The results showed that most of the surface textures of quartz grains are characterized by fish scale, moss-like texture, and stalactite. However, a small amount of orange peel-like fractures and worm-hole-like shaped surface texture were observed. Moreover, a few typical conchoids or subconchoidal fractures in quartz grains can be seen. This implies that the Bailong River Fault was active repeatedly during the Quaternary period, but the main motion period is the Pleistocene. The 14 thermo-luminescence dating values showed two age groups： 343.29-184.06 ka and 92.18-13.87 ka. These study data reveal that fault movement started during the Pliocene, occurred frequently in the early-middle period of the Pleistocene, and the peak frequency of the motion was reached in the early Pleistocene. The fault motions were stopped terminated in the early Holocene. The results are significant for the natural disaster risk evaluation in the western segment of the QOB.     

新疆塔里木盆地温宿凸起石油地质条件新认识

为了弄清塔里木盆地温宿凸起构造演化、油源条件及圈闭类型等关键地质问题,通过石油地质条件综合分析,结合样品测试分析,查清了温宿地区油气成藏的关键因素,提出了石油地质条件新认识。结果表明: 温宿凸起为一个继承性发育的古隆起,构造演化主要经历了4个发展阶段; 温宿凸起油气藏类型以构造-岩性型为主; 温宿凸起不发育烃源岩,但发育沟通拜城富烃凹陷的高效输导体系; 温宿凸起新近系吉迪克组油气藏类型以构造-岩性型为主; 油气的生成、运移、聚集主要发生在新近纪—第四纪,具有明显的晚期复式成藏特点; 优越的盖层条件是温宿吉迪克组油气藏形成的重要因素。     

三维激光扫描技术在土方量算中的应用研究

针对目前土方测量中对快速、准确和高精度计量的需求,以及采用传统方法作业过程中存在的外业工作量大等问题,介绍了基于三维激光扫描技术的工作原理及其在土方测量中的应用。试验结果表明,基于三维激光扫描技术的土方量算满足精度要求,同时,还给出了该技术在土方量算应用中的相关定量指标,可为相应工程应用提供参考。     

Artificial frozen orbits around Mercury

Orbits around Mercury are influenced by the strong elliptic third-body perturbation, especially for high eccentricity orbits, the periapsis altitude changes dramatically. Frozen orbits whose mean eccentricity and argument of perigee remain constants are obviously a good choice for space missions, but the forming conditions are too harsh to meet practical needs. To deal with this problem, a continuous control method that combines analytical theory and parameter optimization is proposed to build an artificial frozen orbit. The artificial frozen orbits are investigated on the basis of double averaged Hamiltonian, of which the second and third zonal harmonics and the perturbation of elliptic third-body gravity are considered. In this paper, coefficients of perturbations which satisfy the conditions of frozen orbits are involved as control parameters, and the relevant artificial perturbations are compensated by the control strategy. So probes around Mercury can be kept on frozen orbit under the influence of continuous control force. Then complex method of optimization is used to search for the energy optimized artificial frozen orbits. The choosing of optimal parameters, the objective function setting and other issues are also discussed in the study. Evolution of optimal control parameters are given in large ranges of semi-major axis and eccentricity, through the variation of these curves, the fuel efficiency is discussed. The result shows that the control method proposed in this paper can effectively maintain the eccentricity and argument of perigee frozen.     

The influence of degradation of the swamp and alpine meadows on CH<Subscript>4</Subscript> and CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> fluxes on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

CH₄ and CO₂ fluxes from a high-cold swamp meadow and an alpine meadow on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, subject to different degrees of degradation, were measured over a 12-month period. Air temperature, soil temperature and moisture, and the depths of the water table and thawing-freezing layer were determined. For swamp meadows, the greater the degradation, the lesser the carbon efflux. CH₄ emissions at the nondegraded swamp meadow site were 1.09–3.5 and 2.5–11.27 times greater, and CO₂ emissions 1.08–1.69 and 1.41–4.43 times greater, respectively, than those from moderately and severely degraded sites. For alpine meadows, the greater the degradation, the greater the CH₄ consumption and CO₂ emissions. CH₄ consumption at the severely degraded alpine meadow site was 6.6–21 and 1.1–5.25 times greater, and CO₂ emissions 1.05–78.5 and 1.04–6.28 times greater, respectively, than those from the nondegraded and moderately degraded sites. The CH₄ and CO₂ fluxes at both sites were significantly correlated (R ² > 0.59, P < 0.05) with air temperature, soil temperature, and topsoil (0–5 cm depth) moisture, indicating these to be the main environmental factors affecting such fluxes.     

广安气田产能特征及其控制因素研究

广安气田勘探开发层位为上三叠统须家河组须六段和须四段。储层砂体为三角洲分流河道、水下分流河道和河口坝沉积,为典型低孔、低渗孔隙型储层。气藏分布受构造和或岩性控制,发育了构造气藏、构造—岩性气藏和岩性气藏。为指导气田开发井位部署与合理配产,根据试采资料研究了气井产能特征,并把气井产能划分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ4大类7亚类,各类气井产能差异大,产水量差异也大,其中Ⅰ类、Ⅱ_1亚类和Ⅲ_1亚类气井产能较好或较稳定。通过分析控制广安气田气井产能的因素,认识到储层沉积微相、单井动储量、构造位置、产水量与工艺措施对气井产能有重要影响。在水动力强的分流河道、水下分流河道和河口坝沉积相带中,单井控制动储量越大,构造位置越高,产水量越小,压裂和储层保护措施相对合理,气井往往具有较高产能。     

高岭石表面的酸碱性质

采用双位模式（即假定高岭石表面存在＞AIOH和＞SiOH基团）拟合高岭石表面的酸碱滴定数据并描述表面上发生的质子化反应，Al位和Si位的表观常数拟合值分别为pKal,Al=1.78、pKa2,Al=8.47和pKa2,Si=5.12，它们的酸性比对应的（氢）氧化物表面位的更强。高岭石的总表面位密度远大于氧化铝和二氧化硅，其原因很可能是溶液中的质子或羟离子能够渗入高岭石的层间，与层间的羟基发生反应。此外，Al位密度也比Si位大近一个数量级，这种与理论化学式偏离的现象可受多种因素的影响。高岭石表面总体在pH低于4.0时带正电荷，在pH高于4.0时带负电荷。正电荷仅由＞AlOH基团通过质子化作用形成＞AlOH2^ 表面化合态来提供，而负电荷则由＞AlOH和＞SiOH基团的去质子化作用产生，分别形成＞AlO^-和＞SiO^-表面化合态。