Applicability of Newmark method at regional, sub-regional and site scales: seismically induced Bullas and La Paca rock-slide cases (Murcia, SE Spain)

In this paper, the applicability of the Newmark method at regional, sub-regional and site scales has been investigated in the Lorca Basin (Murcia). This basin is located in one of the most seismically active regions of Spain. The area is very interesting for studying earthquake-induced slope instabilities as there are well-known cases associated with specific earthquakes. For the regional and sub-regional scales, a geographic information system has been used to develop an implementation of Newmark sliding rigid block method. Soil and topographic amplification effects have been particularly considered. Subsequently, ‘Newmark displacement’ maps for deterministic seismic scenarios have been produced. Some specific studies have also been performed using limit equilibrium methods to estimate the safety factor and the critical acceleration of certain slope instabilities at a site scale. These instabilities were the rock slides related to recent seismic series at the Lorca Basin: 2002 Bullas (M _w = 5.0) and 2005 La Paca (M _w = 4.8). Finally, the safety factor, critical acceleration and Newmark displacement values estimated at different scales have been compared to determine which scale is most suitable for the Newmark method.     

A Comparison of Random Field Models Beyond Bivariate Distributions

In order to determine to what extent a spatial random field can be characterized by its low-order distributions, we consider four models (specifically, random spatial tessellations) with exactly the same univariate and bivariate distributions and we compare the statistics associated with various multiple-point configurations and the responses to specific transfer functions. The three- and four-point statistics are found to be the same or experimentally hardly distinguishable because of ergodic fluctuations, whereas change of support and flow simulation produce very different outcomes. This example indicates that low-order distributions may not discriminate between contending random field models, that simulation algorithms based on such distributions may not reproduce the spatial properties of a given model or training image, and that the inference of high-order distribution may require very large training images.     

Detecting the order of spatial dependence via symbolic analysis

In this article, we have proposed a simple diagnostic statistical procedure for testing the order of dependence of a spatial process. The proposed test is of nonparametric nature, and it is able to deal with potential nonlinear spatial dependencies. An added value is that from a methodological point of view, the new test is based on symbolic dynamics and hence on information theory. We characterized the behavior of a symbolic entropy measure in the presence of spatial dependencies of order higher than 1. The good power performance of the new method in detecting higher order spatial lags is notable and gives rise to an expectation that it may form a suitable basis for constructive specification searches.     

红海湾水产养殖示范区水质综合评价

红海湾是广东省非常重要的海水养殖示范区。为了维系和保护红海湾规模化水产养殖示范区的优良生态环境 ,1 997年 4月至 1 998年 1 2月对红海湾水域水质的时空变化趋势和质量状况进行了研究与评价。结果表明 ,红海湾海水综合质量总体上处于相对清洁水平 ,但浅海养殖区和长沙湾养殖区有机污染明显 ,分别达富营养化和高富营养化程度。DIN和IP是水质富营养化的主要因素 ,而石油类、Cu、COD是重点控制的优先污染物。     

粤东沿海养殖水域浮游植物的生态特征

粤东至珠江口近海是广东重要的海水养殖水域 ,同时也是赤潮多发区 ,为了研究养殖水域赤潮发生的机理及防治对策 ,维护海水养殖的健康发展 ,对该海域浮游植物的生态特征进行了初步研究。结果表明 ,1 999年浮游植物样品中共鉴定出 1 3 0种 ,组成以广布种和暖水性种类为主 ;出现赤潮生物 3 6种 ,占种类组成的 2 8%。细胞数量 1 0 3 91× 1 0 4 m 3～ 40 3 6 80× 1 0 4 m 3,平均 1 648 1 4× 1 0 4 m 3;多样性指数在 2 68(3 75范围内变化 ,平面分布呈现自柘林湾向深圳湾递减的趋势 ;而种类组成均匀度则以柘林湾和深圳湾为高 ,中部水域较低。尽管养殖水域不同 ,优势种表现明显差异 ,但Nitzschiadelicatissima和Skeletonemacostatum在各养殖水域均出现较高数量     

新疆巴尔鲁克地区加曼铁列克得岩体花岗闪长岩的地球化学和年代学研究

本文对新疆巴尔鲁克地区加曼铁列克得岩体花岗闪长岩进行了锆石U-Pb年代学、岩石地球化学和Sr-Nd-Hf同位素研究,探讨其岩石类型、构造背景和岩石成因。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年表明,花岗闪长岩的成岩年龄为318.2±3.6 Ma,形成时代为晚石炭世。岩石高硅、富钠,碱含量中等,Mg#介于53.9～56.6,属于准铝质钙碱性花岗岩类（A/CNK = 0.91～0.97）,轻重稀土分馏较明显且富集轻稀土（La_N/Yb_N = 8.55～10.10）,Eu异常不明显,富集大离子亲石元素Ba、K、Sr,亏损高场强元素Nb、Ta、P、Ti。同位素特征显示,岩石具有低I_Sr值（0.703 82～0.704 24）、正ε_Nd（t）值（+6.96～+7.74）,年轻的t_DM1值为0.74～0.61 Ga,锆石ε_Hf（t）值为+12.6～+14.7,t_DM2为519～396 Ma。综合地质、地球化学和年代学特征,认为加曼铁列克得花岗闪长岩为未分异的Ⅰ型花岗岩,形成于晚石炭世俯冲背景下的岛弧环境,可能是由流体参与的新元古代玄武质洋壳部分熔融的产物,岩浆上升过程中受到楔形地幔物质的混染。     

Hydrogeochemistry of abandoned Pb sulphide mines: the mining district of La Carolina (southern Spain)

The impact of past mining activities on the quality of groundwater and surface water has been investigated in the mining district of La Carolina (southern Spain, province of Jaén), a region characterised by the presence of mineralisations of Pb–Ag, Cu and Fe sulphides and Ba sulphates. The chemistry of waters from flooded galleries, shafts and drainage adits has been compared with that of surface waters in the same area. Generally, waters present neutral pH, since carbonates neutralise the acidity produced by the oxidation of Fe-bearing sulphide minerals in the mine impacted water. Despite of this natural attenuation process, in most of the cases, the mine groundwater is of low quality and shows high dissolved SO₄ (up to 3.7 g/l), Fe and Mn contents (tens to hundreds mg/l), exceeding the limit established by the guidelines of the World Health Organization for drinking water. Generally, the surface waters are of the sulphate calcium–magnesium to magnesium types, with moderate mineralisation. Post-rebound mine waters caused degradation of receiving watercourses in which the Fe contents are usually high, with values close to 3 g/l, and the mineralisation is greater as the channels run down in the mining zone. During dry seasons a considerable increase of salts and metals dissolved in stream waters was found, due to the decreasing contributions by run-off in this semiarid region, whereas the abandoned mine discharges remained practically constant.     

遥感和多源地学数据图像处理技术及在地质找矿中的应用

图像处理技术用于遥感、物探、化探、地质、矿产和地理等多种数据的综合处理具有广阔的前景。它灵活、方便，可快速、直观、定量地从综合信息中发现和提取那些用常规方法难于获取的地质矿产信息，以便科学地进行基础地质研究和矿产资源综合评价。本文介绍了用图像处理技术在Ｉ２Ｓ／１０１大型数字图像处理系统中处理多源地学数据的方法及优越性。     

陕西佛坪五龙岩体的形成环境及其意义

地质地球化学特征表明，佛坪地区五龙岩体形成于扬子板块和秦岭微板块碰撞的晚期阶段，属同碰撞型花岗岩。岩浆以穹窿作用的方式主动上隆侵位，岩浆活动对佛坪穹窿核部基底结晶杂岩的抬升及佛坪穹窿的形成具有重要的动力学意义。