天津测震台网地震监测能力分析

通过计算地震台站最小监控震级,得到天津测震台网地震监测能力。采用经典谱估计中的Welch算法,计算天津测震台网31个地震台站噪声水平。取噪声水平有效值的30倍作为能检测到最小地震S波的最大振幅,通过近震震级公式,计算各台站地震震级,取第4个能被检测到的台站地震震级作为最小监控震级。     

An amplitude suppression method based on the decibel criterion

To suppress the strong noise in seismic data with wide range of amplitudes, commonly used methods often yield unsatisfactory denoising results owing to inappropriate thresholds and require parametric testing as well as iterations to achieve the anticipated results. To overcome these problems, a data-driven strong amplitude suppression method based on the decibel criterion in the wavelet domain (ISANA) is proposed. The method determines the denoising threshold based on the decibel criterion and statistically analyzes the amplitude index rather than the abnormally high amplitudes. The method distinguishes the frequency band distributions of the valid signals in the time–frequency domain based on the wavelet transformation and then calculates thresholds in selected time windows, eventually achieving frequency-divided noise attenuation for better denoising. Simulations based on theoretical and real-world data verify the adaptability and low dependence of the method on the size of the time window. The method suppresses noise without energy loss in the signals.     

不同尺度DEM的河流裂点提取及其效应分析

以不同尺度DEM数据提取裂点及其效应存在较大差异。本文以1：1万DEM为基础数据,通过小波分析生成多尺度DEM数据。以庐山地区16条河流为例,实现了多尺度DEM数据的河流裂点提取,探讨了河流裂点的变化规律,并构建了裂点个数的尺度预测模型。实验结果表明：(1)采用河道纵剖面与点坡降相结合的方法可快速准确地判断裂点;(2)在庐山地区,1:1万DEM数据可准确判断高差不小于5 m的裂点,对于高差小于5 m的裂点由于DEM表达精度和数据误差,而无法准确判定;(3)DEM尺度对裂点提取影响显著,裂点个数随着DEM分辨率降低逐渐减少,符合幂函数递减规律;(4)通过与ASTER GDEM和SRTM DEM对比验证,本文所构建的裂点个数与DEM尺度的拟合模型具有一定的预测精度。     

Spatially-resolved stellar population properties of the M51–NGC 5195 system from multi-wavelength photometric data

Using multi-band photometric images of M51 and its companion NGC 5195 from ultraviolet to optical and infrared,we investigate spatially resolved stellar population properties of this interacting system with stellar population synthesis models.The observed infrared excess(IRX)is used to constrain dust extinction.Stellar mass is also inferred from the model fitting.By fitting observed spectral energy distributions(SEDs)with synthetical ones,we derive two-dimensional distributions of stellar age,metallicity,dust extinction and stellar mass.In M51,two grand-designed spiral arms extending from the bulge show young age,rich metallicity and abundant dust.The inter-arm regions are filled with older,metalpoorer and less dusty stellar populations.Except for the spiral arm extending from M51 into NGC 5195,the stellar population properties of NGC 5195 are quite featureless.NGC 5195 is much older than M51,and its core is very dusty with AV up to 1.67 mag and dense in stellar mass surface density.The close encounters might drive the dust in the spiral arm of M51 into the center of NGC 5195.     

Introduction to “Tsunami Science Four Years After the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami, Part I: Modelling and Hazard Assessment”

In this introduction we briefly summarize the 14 contributions to Part I of this special issue on Tsunami Science Four Years after the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami. These papers are representative of the new tsunami science being conducted since the occurrence of that tragic event. Most of these were presented at the session: Tsunami Generation and Hazard, of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics XXIV General Assembly held at Perugia, Italy, in July of 2007. That session included over one hundred presentations on a wide range of topics in tsunami research. The papers grouped into Part I, and introduced here, cover topics directly related to tsunami mitigation such as numerical modelling, hazard assessment and databases. Part II of this special issue, Observations and Data Analysis, will be published in a subsequent volume of Pure and Applied Geophysics.     

综放工作面覆岩破坏规律的观测研究

综放覆岩破坏规律,特别是近松散层开采区的实测数据现在还很少。兖州杨村煤矿采用瞬变电磁法对同一工作面的岩柱厚度大于69m的深部开采区和岩柱厚度28~69m的浅部开采区分别进行了采后覆岩破坏两带高度探测,探测结果表明浅部裂缝带高度比深部降低17%~27%,冒落带高度变化不明显。      

The establishment and development of Haloxylon ammodendron promotes salt accumulation in surface soil of arid sandy land

Haloxylon ammodendron, a representative C_4 succulent xerophyte and salt-secreting plant, is widely used in vegetation reestablishment programs to stabilize shifting sand, and is one of the dominant shrubs in the shelter belt used to control desertification in the desert-oasis ecotone in northwestern China. In this study, we collected soil samples in an age sequence of 0-, 2-, 5-, 13-, 16-, 31-, and 39-year-old H. ammodendron plantations to assess the effects of the shrub on soil fertility and salinity. Results show that SOC and total N concentrations increased significantly with increasing plantation age and increased 5.95-(in the interspaces) to 9.05-fold(under the canopy) and 6.15-to 8.46-fold at the 0-5 cm depth at the 39-year-old plantation compared with non-vegetated sandy land. Simultaneously, H. ammodendron establishment and development resulted in significant salt accumulation in the surface layer. On average, total soil salt content at the 0-5 cm and 5-20 cm depth increased 16.8-fold and 4.4-fold, respectively, compared with non-vegetated sandy land. The increase of total salt derived mostly from the accumulation of SO_4~(2-), Ca~(2+) and Na~+ with H. ammodendron development. The accumulation in salinity was more significant than the increase in fertility, suggesting that improved soil fertility did not limit the impact of salinization. The adverse effect of salt accumulation may result in H. ammodendron plantation degradation and impact community stability in the long run.     

Uber,Public Transit,and Urban Transportation Equity: A Case Study in New York City

With the explosive growth of Uber and other mobility service providers, their influences on urban mobility have attracted attention from both researchers and policy circles alike, yet few quantitative studies have been conducted on the topic. Using Uber pickup data in New York City in 2014, this article investigates the spatiotemporal relationship between Uber and public transit using buffer analysis and spatial cross-correlation analysis and assesses Uber’s impact on urban transportation equity with the Gini coefficient and correlation analysis. Our results confirm previous arguments that Uber both complements and competes with public transit, but competition is more prevalent in New York City. Specifically, Uber competes with public transit during most hours of the day and in areas with good public transit coverage, whereas it complements public transit at midnight and in places with insufficient public transit services. The distribution of Uber services is highly unequal, and Uber’s role in improving transport equity is insignificant. Correlation analysis shows that there tend to be fewer Uber pickups in low-income areas, which diverges from previous studies suggesting that Uber serves low-income areas well. In addition, a weak negative correlation is detected between the number of Uber pickups and the percentage of minorities.     

长江经济带省域物流效率及时空演化研究

基于2007~2017年长江经济带物流行业发展数据,采用DEA模型、ArcGIS和空间自相关分析方法,测算长江经济带11个省市的物流效率值及时空演化规律。结果表明:2007~2017年长江经济带物流效率波动平缓,综合技术效率平均值为0.830,纯技术效率整体大于规模效率,下游地区的物流综合技术效率、纯技术效率和规模效率均大于中游和上游地区。空间上,长江经济带物流效率高值区主要分布在整个下游地区和中游部分地区,低值区则多为上游地区,整体呈“块状”分布。空间关联性上,2007~2017年,Global Moran's I显著为正,长江经济带各省市物流效率呈现空间正相关性,物流效率相近的省市在空间上集聚分布。最后,为促进长江经济带物流行业区域协调发展,提出如下建议:不断促进产业转型升级;加强区域合作,完善基础设施建设;加大内陆地区对外开放力度和建立大型的物流园区。     

黑河中游土地利用/覆被变化及其对碳储量影响的预测

准确预测未来土地利用/覆盖变化及其对区域碳储量的影响对土地利用决策和气候变化研究具有重要意义。以黑河中游流域为研究对象,基于2000年和2012年两期土地利用解译数据,运用CA-Markov模型,并依据《IPCC 2006指南》提供的清单方法,在对研究区2024年土地利用变化特征进行预测分析的基础上评估了2000-2024年黑河中游土地利用/覆被变化对碳储量的影响。结果表明:2000-2012年,研究区耕地、建设用地、林地和草地面积呈增加趋势,未利用土地和水域面积呈减少趋势,土地利用/覆被变化导致碳储量增加3.22×10^6 t;预测2024年黑河中游土地利用变化同2012年相比,耕地、建设用地、林地占研究区比例分别增加3.18%、0.84%和0.77%,未利用土地、草地和水域占研究区比例分别减少3.32%、1.13%和0.33%;2012-2024年土地利用/覆被变化导致碳储量增加7.55×10^6 t,各土地利用类型变化导致碳储量变化更加明显,其中林地和耕地增加是碳储量增加的主要原因,建设用地增加是碳储量减少的主要原因。总体来看,2012-2024年耕地、建设用地、林地将继续呈增加趋势,未利用土地和水体将继续呈减少趋势;2012-2024年较2000-2012年土地利用变化导致碳储量增加4.33×10^6 t,固碳能力表现出较明显的提高。