典型海洋生态系统生态修复成效评估研究进展与展望

近年来,海洋生态系统生态修复成效评估研究日益受到关注.本文梳理了国内外在红树林、珊瑚礁、海草床、盐沼湿地等四类典型海洋生态系统生态修复成效评估指标和评估方法方面的研究进展.结果 表明,典型海洋生态系统在进行生态修复成效评估时,基于修复目标和修复方法,评估指标选取虽各有侧重,但主要包括生物和生境状况两个方面.多数生态修复项目的 监测、评估都是在短期内进行的,缺乏长期、连续性监测,社会和经济相关指标的研究还相对较为缺乏.成效评估方法目前没有比较清晰、全面的分类.实际应用的评估方法较为单一,对海洋生态系统服务价值揭示不够全面.建议未来应立足生态系统过程,加强各典型海洋生态系统生态修复中长期成效评估,开展基于生态修复方式的成效评估,以及社会经济文化效益评估等方面的研究.本文通过对成效评估指标和方法的梳理,以期更好地为典型海洋生态系统生态修复成效评估的理论和实践研究提供参考.     

时间序列SAR图像不可移动文物水域淹没监测

全球气候变化引起的极端降雨、洪涝灾害是导致不可移动文物受损的重要破坏因素。合成孔径雷达SAR（Synthetic Aperture Radar）具有全天时、全天候、大范围周期性对地观测的优势,是大区域水体监测的重要手段,对不可移动文物水域淹没及风险监测具有重要意义。本文利用时间序列SAR图像提出基于残差U-Net的不可移动文物水域淹没及风险监测框架。首先,基于双峰阈值分割法结合专家知识辅助进行水体样本生成,提高样本制作效率;其次,引入残差模块建立U型卷积网络,综合残差结构及U-Net的特点,缓解梯度更新时的弥散、消失等现象,通过卷积层之间累加和跳跃链接,保留多尺度的地物特征信息,以实现水体快速、高精度的语义分割;最后通过将结果与不可移动文物点位进行空间叠加分析,实现对不可移动文物水淹状况的监测。选取鄱阳湖及南昌市昌邑北垱遗址作为试验研究对象。获取了21景覆盖鄱阳湖区域不同时相Sentinel-1 SAR图像,并结合Sentinel-2光学图像进行结果分析与评价。实验结果表明：本文方法在鄱阳湖试验区对水体提取总精度优于95%,相较于FCN（Fully Convolutional Networks）与U-Net方法具有更好的精度。利用不同时相SAR图像获得时间序列水体分布范围变化图,与昌邑北垱遗址点位进行空间叠加分析,得到不可移动文物水域淹没长时间序列监测结果。实验结果表明本文提出的方法可以有效提取水体范围,对不可移动文物水域淹没及风险监测可以提供有力支撑。     

历史遗留围填海生态保护修复工作探讨——以晋江盐场围填海项目为例

本研究以晋江盐场围填海项目为例,针对项目情况和区域环境特征,在收集现有资料和补充调查的基础上,分析评估了围填海工程建设的海洋生态影响,并提出了相应的生态保护修复方案。在此基础上,提出了今后工作的建议:①保护修复应推行整体保护、系统修复的有效机制,实现区域生态系统的恢复与良性发展。②围填多年已经形成相对稳定的生态系统的围填海项目,制定修复对策也应遵循现有的生态条件,充分考虑修复工程的成本与效益,增强修复方案的可操作性,做出最有利的决策。③生态修复模式应以自然恢复为主、人工修复为辅,最大程度恢复生态系统功能。本研究可为类似生态保护修复工作提供借鉴。     

乌鲁木齐典型暴雪天气机理及成因分析

利用常规地面、高空观测资料、NCEP/NCAR 1°×1°再分析和FY卫星资料,针对乌鲁木齐1990年以来的3场典型暴雪天气,从高低空环流和天气系统配置、不稳定条件、水汽、动力及黑体亮温（TBB）变化等方面综合对比分析暴雪成因。结果表明：（1） 3场暴雪均发生在欧洲高压脊东南衰退,推动西西伯利亚低槽东移南下,与中纬度短波槽结合的环流形势下,高低空系统呈“后倾槽”结构,乌鲁木齐处在925~600 hPa西北急流与600~200 hPa强西南急流叠置区,且天山山脉的地形强迫抬升有利于暴雪的维持和加强。（2） 暴雪前850~700 hPa均有东南风存在,微差平流作用有利于平流逆温生成和加强,使得能量不断积聚,后期冷空气进入,冷锋锋生,层结不稳定发展,为暴雪天气提供热力条件,东南风和平流逆温维持时间越长,储存能量越多,降雪越强。（3） 暴雪区存在西南和偏西2条水汽输送通道,中层水汽输送对乌鲁木齐暴雪至关重要,850~600 hPa存在较强的水汽辐合,且700 hPa最强。水汽输送、辐合强度及持续时间共同决定暴雪强度。（4） TBB与降雪强弱有一定的对应关系,TBB越低,云顶高度越高,中尺度云团发展越旺盛,降雪越强,降雪前TBB（云顶高度）的第一次迅速降低（升高）预示降雪开始,降雪过程中TBB降低对应降雪强度增强,且TBB降幅越大、低TBB值维持时间越长,降雪越强。     

Safety assessment of platform loadout procedures based on unascertained measures

Safety assessment of offshore platforms is an urgent task. Such assessments are now focusing on the structure, maintenance, and retirement of a platform. Some methods employed have many shortcomings. For example, they cannot make the reliability adequately explicable. Therefore, a mathematical tool, the unascertained measure, was introduced. First, the basic knowledge of the unascertained sets was introduced briefly. Second, the unascertained measure was defined and credible identification was set up. The method has been introduced into the fields for safety assessment of a jacket loadout procedure. Engineering practices showed that it can complete the safety assessment systematically and scientifically without any assumption. The work should have significance in theory and practice for offshore engineering.     

Preparation and characteristics of porous ceramics

Pyrophyllite is always used for making porous ceramics. In order to design the preparation technics of porous ceramics with pyrophyllite reasonably we must know the classifications, characteristics, properties and applications of porous ceramics. The classification and characteristics of porous ceramics are reviewed in this article; and several common preparations with their advantages and disadvantages are also introduced. The authors discussed the problems existing in researching and developing process for porous ceramics, and forecasted the development prospect of porous ceramics.     

Petrogenesis of Luchuba and Wuchaba granitoids in western Qinling: geochronological and geochemical evidence

Mineralogy and Petrology - The West Qinling Orogenic Belt (WQOB) is a major portion of the Qinling-Dabie-Sulu Orogen and holds essential information for understanding the prolonged evolution of the...     

Assimilation of the FY-4A AGRI Clear-Sky Radiance Data in a Regional Numerical Model and Its Impact on the Forecast of the “21·7” Henan Extremely Persistent Heavy Rainfall

Assimilation of the Advanced Geostationary Radiance Imager(AGRI) clear-sky radiance in a regional model is performed. The forecasting effectiveness of the assimilation of two water vapor(WV) channels with conventional observations for the “21·7” Henan extremely heavy rainfall is analyzed and compared with a baseline test that assimilates only conventional observations in this study. The results show that the 24-h cumulative precipitation forecast by the assimilation experiment with the addition ...     

广州市生态系统服务价值空间异质性变化

基于广州市2004―2016年土地利用分类成果,通过CA-Markov模型模拟预测2020年土地利用状况,结合格网分析法构建广州市2004―2020年的生态系统服务价值（Ecosystem Services Value,ESV）密度格网,并展开Getis-Ord热点区分析和圈层分析评估,分析广州市快速城市化进程土地利用变化对ESV变化过程和影响的空间异质性。结果表明：1）广州市快速城市化进程中,建设用地扩张占用了大量生态用地,建设用地面积从2004年的1 320 km2扩张到2016年约2 000 km2,预计2020年将达到2 263.63 km2,生态用地斑块日趋破碎化;2）2004―2016年间,广州市ESV总值累计减少了92.41亿元,年均减少约8.4亿元,预计2016―2020年其继续减少但减速会放缓;3）ESV高值区域的格网数量净减少近18%,低值区域的格网数量净增加约46%,局部区域生态系统服务功能的改善难以抵消快速城市化造成的ESV损失;4）广州市ESV变化呈现局部空间自相关现象,高冷区常年集聚分布在花都区和番禺―南沙一带,高热区从集聚分布于东北部逐渐变成为零星分布;5）ESV圈层格局从中心城区向外围区（核心区、近郊区、边缘区和外围区）呈“低―低―中―高”向“低―低―低―高”的结构特征演变,地处城市边缘的近郊区域和边缘区域逐渐形成空间异质性最突出的城乡交错带。     

Inversion method for multi-point source pollution identification: Sensitivity analysis and application to European Tracer Experiment data

Fast and accurate identification of unknown pollution sources plays a crucial role in the emergency response and source control of air pollution. In this work, the applicability of a previously proposed two-step inversion method is investigated with sensitivity experiments and real data from the first release of the European Tracer Experiment (ETEX-1). The two-step inversion method is based on the principle of least squares and carries out additional model correction through the residual iterative process. To evaluate its performance, its retrieval results are compared with those of two other existing algorithms. It is shown that for those cases with richer measurements, all three methods are less sensitive to errors, while for cases where measurements are sparse, their retrieval accuracy will rapidly decrease as errors increase. From the results of sensitivity experiments, the new method provides higher estimation accuracy and a more stable performance than the other two methods. The new method presents the smallest maximum location error of 18.20 km when the amplitude of the measurement error increases to 100%, and 22.67 km when errors in the wind fields increase to 200%. Moreover, when applied to ETEX-1 data, the new method also exhibits good performance, with a location error of 4.71 km, which is the best estimation with respect to source location.摘要快速并且准确地识别未知污染源, 在大气污染应急响应和源头控制过程中起着至关重要的作用. 本文利用敏感性试验及欧洲示踪物测场试验(ETEX-1)数据研究了新提出的两步反演算法的实用性, 并将其反演结果与现有的两种算法进行了对比分析. 敏感试验表明, 在观测数据较为丰富的情况下, 三种算法对观测误差和风场误差的敏感性均较低; 而当观测数据较为稀疏时, 所有算法的估计精度都将随着误差的增加而下降, 但与其他两种算法相比, 两步反演算法具有更高的估计精度以及更稳定的估计性能. 此外, 欧洲示踪物测场试验的源项估计结果也表明, 在三个算法中, 两步反演算法具有最小的位置估计误差.