Stable 85Rb micro vapour cells: fabrication based on anodic bonding and application in chip-scale atomic clocks

We describe the microfabrication of ⁸⁵Rb vapour cells using a glass-silicon anodic bonding technique and in situ chemical reaction between rubidium chloride and barium azide to produce Rb. Under controlled conditions, the pure metallic Rb drops and buffer gases were obtained in the cells with a few mm³ internal volumes during the cell sealing process. At an ambient temperature of 90 ℃ the optical absorption resonance of ⁸⁵Rb D1 transition with proper broadening and the corresponding coherent population trapping (CPT) resonance, with a signal contrast of 1.5% and linewidth of about 1.7 kHz, have been detected. The sealing quality and the stability of the cells have also been demonstrated experimentally by using the helium leaking detection and the after-9-month optoelectronics measurement which shows a similar CPT signal as its original status. In addition, the physics package of chip-scale atomic clock (CSAC) based on the cell was realized. The measured frequency stability of the physics package can reach to 2.1×10^-10 at one second when the cell was heated to 100 ℃ which proved that the cell has the quality to be used in portable and battery-operated devices.     

Diurnal variation of nitric oxide emission flux from a mangrove wetland in Zhangjiang River Estuary,China

The diurnal variation of nitric oxide (NO) emission fluxes from a Kandelia obovata and Avicennia marina mangrove wetland were studied in the Zhangjiang River Estuary Mangrove National Nature Reserve using a dynamic chamber-based technique and a chemiluminescent analyzer. Results from field experiments show that NO emission from K. obovata and A. marina sampling sites reached maximal values of 1.07 ng N m⁻² s⁻¹ and 1.23 ng N m⁻² s⁻¹, respectively after the night tide. Meanwhile NO emission maintained at a steady lower level in daytime for both wetland sites. In laboratory experiments, NO emission from the mangrove wetland soil samples treated with simulated tides in the darkness exhibited higher values than those in the light, therefore it seems that tides and darkness could increase NO emission from mangrove wetlands, while intensive light, high temperature, and dryness in the daytime decreased NO emission. Compared with K. obovata soil samples, the diurnal average NO emission rate of the A. marina site was significantly higher, which was closely related to relatively higher diurnal average CO₂ emission rate, soil available nitrogen content and soil net nitrification rate of the A. marina site. Moreover, soil samples of the A. marina site were more responsive to simulated tides and the addition of nitrogen than those of the K. obovata site.     

不同培养基对小球藻Chlorella zofingiensis生长和虾青素产量的影响

研究了小球藻Chlorella zofingiensis在3种不同培养基CZ-M1, Kuhl 和 KM1中培养时生物量和虾青素的产量.结果表明, Kuhl最利于小球藻的生长, 比生长速率、最大细胞干重和得率最高, 虾青素含量最低;KM1培养基最利于虾青素的积累.采用优化后的培养基KM1, 添加葡萄糖诱导培养小球藻, 可以获得8.99g·L-1的藻细胞干重, 虾青素产量和含量分别达到20.1mg·L-1和2.24mg·g-1.     

杂色鲍血细胞免疫特点及免疫功能的研究

杂色鲍Haliotis diversicolor感染病毒后血细胞总浓度呈现上升趋势, 颗粒细胞与无颗粒细胞浓度与百分比均呈现不同的变化;感染鲍抗菌活力在第24h时最高, 说明病毒感染刺激病鲍血细胞产生抗菌活性, 第36h时的抗菌活力大大下降;感染鲍在第6h时, 溶菌活力大大下降, 且一直持续至36h;血细胞内的活性氧总体呈明显的上升趋势;受感染的血细胞出现细胞器空泡化和分解.说明病毒感染对杂色鲍血细胞免疫功能的影响非常明显.     

辽东湾西部滨海地区海水入侵研究

通过对19个观测井2年定期、连续的水位观测,以及水质主要9种离子浓度分析,阐述了辽东湾西部沿岸海水入侵的分布特征。根据海水入侵区地下水中主要离子浓度与地下水的相关关系,总结了随着海水入侵的发展地下水化学类型的变化。地下水化学类型分为5大类型:Na+-Cl-型、Cl-.HCO3-或HCO3-.Cl-型(阳离子为Ca2+.Na+)、HCO3-.Cl-.SO42-或Cl-.HCO3-.SO42-型水(阳离子为Ca2+)、SO42-.HCO3-型(阳离子为Na+.Ca2+)、HCO3-型(阳离子为Ca2+.Na+)。该区地下水水化学类型呈带状分布,类型变化规律明显,反映了海水入侵分布特征。当淡水开采时,水位降深越大,微咸水入侵强度越大。控制淡水开采是防止微咸水入侵的主要措施。     

海滨生物地貌研究进展

海滨环境孕育了各式各样的生物地貌,通过生物与环境之间的物质能量交换,海滨生态系统的生物组分与地貌组分之间双向作用得以实现。特别是在现代海岸发育进程中,生物地貌塑造者对局地地貌产生的微弱作用,可以在宏观尺度上对海滨地貌的形成和发展产生深远影响。本文简要介绍了海滨生物地貌作用的主要机制和类型、海滨环境不同生物地貌作用复杂多变的动态过程,并对研究海滨环境生物地貌作用的方法、探索生物地貌格局的多尺度成因、递归的循环过程规律以及海滨生物过程与非生物干扰及过程的相互联系等领域取得的成果进行了总结。当前,海滨生物过程和动力-沉积-地貌过程之间的双向研究已成为认识和利用生物海岸对全球变化响应和反馈作用的关键,今后还需要对不同生物地貌作用的耦合、海滨生物地貌过程的生物作用模拟以及海滨生物地貌过程的演化等问题进行深入研究。     

地理图像信息阅读能力的培养策略

地理图像是地理学的骨架,能够提供比文字描述更为丰富的地理信息,其中蕴藏着丰富的地理现象、知识、技能以及智慧,是地理学科特有的信息综合载体和教学工具。本文主要从图像信息的阅读与观察、图像信息的发现与获取、图像信息的描述与阐释三个方面来谈谈地理图像信息阅读能力的培养策略。     

Establishment and closure of the directed Florida whiting (Menticirrhus americanus) fishery and implications for North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis) conservation and management

Today, ocean and coastal marine resource management is extremely complex. Marine resource managers are charged with conserving and managing many diverse species. Southern kingfish (Menticirrhus americanus), commonly known as whiting, are found from southern New England to Florida. During the fall through winter, western North Atlantic right whales (Eubalaena glacialis) are primarily found in the coastal nearshore waters off South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida, overlapping the whiting's range and habitat.     

Sampling the vertical particle flux in the upper water column using a large diameter free-drifting NetTrap adapted to an Indented Rotating Sphere sediment trap

Further development of the large, surface-tethered sediment trap (NetTrap) employed as part of the MedFlux program is described whereby the large collection capacity of the NetTrap is combined with an Indented Rotating Sphere/Sample Carousel (IRSC) sediment trap (IRSC–NT). This trap is capable of collecting particle flux either in a time series or settling velocity mode; settling velocity mode allows the collection of particles that fall within discrete settling velocity intervals. During short field deployments in the Mediterranean Sea the IRSC–NT configured in the settling velocity mode successfully collected unpoisoned samples for chemical and microbiological experiments. In addition to the development of the IRSC–NT, particle-settling behavior above and below the swimmer-excluding IRS valve was tested during on-deck experiments using a specially constructed water-tight trap. Chemical analyses of settling materials (published elsewhere) suggested that separation of particles by settling velocity was achieved. However, due to the motion of the ship, it was not possible to directly measure particle-settling velocities within the trap. Particle release from the IRS did not bias the apparent settling velocity spectrum. Rotation of the IRS did not engender turbulence at the surface of the sphere or within the skewed funnel below. Tests of different ball designs over the course of the MedFlux program showed that a “ridge and saddle” pattern was optimal for efficiently transferring particles under the IRS seal while still reducing swimmer entrance to the collection funnel. The large size of the IRSC–NT did not prevent it from drifting effectively with the current. Several modifications of the present design are proposed that should improve the accuracy of the settling velocity measurements.     

MedFlux: Investigations of particle flux in the Twilight Zone

The MedFlux project was devised to determine and model relationships between organic matter and mineral ballasts of sinking particulate matter in the ocean. Specifically we investigated the ballast ratio hypothesis, tested various commonly used sampling and modeling techniques, and developed new technologies that would allow better characterization of particle biogeochemistry. Here we describe the rationale for the project, the biogeochemical provenance of the DYFAMED site, the international support structure, and highlights from the papers published here. Additional MedFlux papers can be accessed at the MedFlux web site (http://msrc.sunysb.edu/MedFlux/).