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21.
Ten nepheline single crystals from five different localities representing rocks from nepheline-syenite pegmatites to urtite, ijolite and cancrinite-ijolite were investigated chemically and structurally. The chemical compositions were determined by electron microprobe, whereas the crystal structures were refined against X-ray diffraction data to R values of 0.022?C0.031. In all cases the crystal structures conformed to space group P63, but at the same time all crystals produced some satellite reflections testifying to the modulation effects in their structure. This work confirms the presence of satellite reflections as a universal property of nepheline and resolves some controversy about this issue present in older works. The samples show a range of compositions with variable excess of Si over Al combined with vacancies in the alkaline sites. Vacancies are present exclusively in the symmetric ditrigonal channels occupied preferentially by K atoms in natural nepheline. The influence of the variable amounts of K, Na and vacancies to the increase of volume at this site is shown to be in the order ??>K>Na. It has been confirmed that natural nepheline can partly depart from Loewenstein??s rule and show some degree of disorder in the Si/Al distribution. Most of the samples revealed a practically full Si-Al-ordering, but the crystals from one of the nepheline-syenite pegmatites in Langesundsfjord, Norway and from the type locality of ijolite, Iivaara, Finland, showed a disorder of 10?C20% suggesting a different cooling history for these rocks.  相似文献   
22.
The sediment succession of Lake Emanda in the Yana Highlands was investigated to reconstruct the regional late Quaternary climate and environmental history. Hydro-acoustic data obtained during a field campaign in 2017 show laminated sediments in the north-western and deepest (up to ̃15 m) part of the lake, where a ̃6-m-long sediment core (Co1412) was retrieved. The sediment core was studied with a multi-proxy approach including sedimentological and geochemical analyses. The chronology of Co1412 is based on 14C AMS dating on plant fragments from the upper 4.65 m and by extrapolation suggests a basal age of c. 57 cal. ka BP. Pronounced changes in the proxy data indicate that early Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 3 was characterized by unstable environmental conditions associated with short-term temperature and/or precipitation variations. This interval was followed by progressively colder and likely drier conditions during mid-MIS 3. A lake-level decline between 32.0 and 19.1 cal. ka BP was presumably related to increased continentality and dry conditions peaking during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). A subsequent rise in lake level could accordingly have been the result of increased rainfall, probably in combination with seasonally high meltwater input. A milder or wetter Lateglacial climate increased lake productivity and vegetation growth, the latter stabilizing the catchment and reducing clastic input into the lake. The Bølling-Allerød warming, Younger Dryas cooling and Holocene Thermal Maximum (HTM) are indicated by distinct changes in the environment around Lake Emanda. Unstable, but similar-to-present-day climatic and environmental conditions have persisted since c. 5 cal. ka BP. The results emphasize the highly continental setting of the study site and therefore suggest that the climate at Lake Emanda was predominantly controlled by changes in summer insolation, global sea level, and the extent of ice sheets over Eurasia, which influenced atmospheric circulation patterns.  相似文献   
23.
云南南部及其邻区志留系对比   总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6  
对云南南部墨江、绿春、金平等地志留纪地层及所含化石的分析、对比表明 ,该地区与东面的华南板块和西面的滇缅马板块存在显著差异 ,而与越南马江以西地区相似 ,因而应属于印支板块。根据广西玉林、钦州地区志留系与越南中部地层的相似性 ,及其与华南板块相应地层的差别 ,该地区可能也属印支板块 ,但后来随着冈瓦纳大陆的向北漂移和解体而分开 ,并最终与华南板块碰撞拼合。滇西保山、潞西地区的志留系与缅甸东部、泰国、马来西亚西部相似 ,应同属滇缅马板块。本文还对墨江—绿春—金平—老挝东部—越南中部一带的早古生代地层序列进行了对比 ,结果显示 ,从南到北最老的沉积盖层在形成时间上由老递新 ,这表明奥陶纪—泥盆纪期间印支板块和华南板块之间可能存在一个从东南向西北逐渐拉张的洋盆 ,在洋盆的西缘斜坡上沉积了早古生代地层 ,该洋盆在早石炭世随印支板块与华南板块的碰撞而闭合  相似文献   
24.
During the late Saalian Drenthe glaciation ice-damming of the Upper Weser Valley led to the formation of glacial Lake Weser. The lake drained catastrophically into the Münsterland Embayment as the western ice dam failed, releasing up to 110 km3 of water with a calculated peak discharge of 2.5 × 105 m3/s to 1.3 × 106 m3/s. Geographic information systems (GIS) and high-resolution digital elevation models (DEM) were used to map streamlined landforms and channel systems in front of lake overspills. Geological maps, 2450 boreholes and the DEM were integrated into the 3D modeling program GOCAD to reconstruct the distribution of flood-related deposits, palaeotopographic surfaces and the internal facies architecture of streamlined hills. The drainage pathways are characterized by the occurrence of deep plunge pools, channels, streamlined hills and 4 km long and 12 m deep V-shaped megaflutes. Plunge pools are deeply incised into Mesozoic basement rocks and occur in front of three major overspill channels. The plunge pools are up to 780 m long, 400 m wide and 35 m deep. Approximately 1–10.5 km downslope of the overspill channels fan shaped arrays of streamlined hills are developed, each covering an area of 60–130 km2, indicating rapid flow expansion. The hills commonly have quadrilateral to elongated shapes and formed under submerged to partly submerged flow conditions, when the outburst flood entered a shallow lake in the Münsterland Embayment. Hills are up to 4300 m long, 1200 m wide, 11 m high and have characteristic average aspect ratios of 1:3.3. They are separated by shallow, anabranching channels in the outer zones and up to 30 m deep channels in the central zones. Hills partly display V-shaped chevron-like bedforms that have apices facing upslope, are 1.6–2.5 km long, 3–10 m high, 0.8–1.2 m from limb to limb, with limb separation angels of 20–35°. These bedforms are interpreted as mixed erosional depositional features. It is hypothesized that the post-Saalian landscape evolution of the Münsterland Embayment has considerably been influenced by catastrophic floods of glacial Lake Weser, creating large and deep valleys, which subsequently became the new site of river systems. The outburst floods probably followed the east-west-trending Saalian Rhine-Meuse river system eventually flowing into the North Sea, the Strait of Dover and the Bay of Biscay. It is speculated that the Hondsrug ice stream may have been enhanced or even triggered by the formation and outburst of glacial lakes in the study area.  相似文献   
25.
Summary The petrophysical parameters Density (p), Susceptibility (SUS), as well as Natural Remanent Magnetisation (NRM) and Koenigsberger ratio (Qn) were measured on approx. 2600 core samples (magmatic and a few metamorphic rocks) from the Southern Bohemian Massif. These and associated data have been organized into primary and subsidiary dBASE IV databases. The quantity and kind of information now available through the databases are described.40 sampled types of rocks have been statistically analysed and a detailed delimitation of different rocks as well as their varieties is attempted with the aid of various graphic software.The lowest susceptibility values (SUS < 0.1 × 10–3 SI) were measured for the leucocratic Altenberg and Haibach granites, above it for the acid Eisgarn granite and for aplites. The only fine grained granite with a higher average (M = l.32 × 10–3 SI) than the other granites is the Schlägl granite.Average values of NRM vary over a range of 104 mA/m. The Altenberg and Haibach granites (fine-to medium-grained, two-mica leucogranites) are again (see SUS) in the group with the lowest values (< 1 mA/m). The average values of coarse-grained, older synorogenic granites (Finger andHöck, 1986), Weinsberg and Engerwitzdorf (medium-to coarse grained) granites, Schlieren granite and Rastenberg granodiorite are generally uniform (< 5 mA/m), with the exception of the stronger remanent magnetism of the Schlieren granite (25 mA/m).The Qn, values of all investigated coarse grained granites are less than 0.25 (exception: Schlieren granite) whereas the fine-middle grained granites Peuerbach, Schaerding, Schrems and the fine grained granites in general all have Qn > 1.The densities of all studied granite types vary only from 2600 kg/m3 to the upper limit of 2710 kg/m3 (average of rock types). Therefore consideration of only one petrophysical parameter does frequently not suffise for characterisation of a rock type. However, a combined study of NRM-SUS or p-SUS proved to be useful in many cases e.g. petrophysical distinction between Schrems granite and Mauthausen granite.
Petrophysikalische Untersuchungen in der südlichen Böhmischen Masse (Österreich): Daten-Akquisition, -Organisation und -Interpretation
Zusammenfassung Die petrophysikalischen Parameter Dichte (p), Suszeptibilität (SUS), sowie Natürliche Remanente Magnetisierung (NRM) und Königsberger Faktor (Qn) wurden an rund 2600 Bohrkernen (Magmatite und einige Metamorphite) aus der Böhmischen Masse ermittelt. Diese und damit im Zusammenhang stehende Daten wurden in einer dBASE IV Hauptdatenbank und gekoppelten Nebendatenbestanden organisiert. Es wird die Art von Information, die über die Datenbank nun zugänglich ist näher erläutert. 40 beprobte Gesteinstypen werden einer statistischen Analyse unterzogen und unter zu Hilfenahme diverser Graphiksoftware wird eine detailliertere Abgrenzung der einzelnen Gesteine und ihrer Varietaten versucht.Die geringsten Suszeptibilitätswerte (SUS < 0.1 × 10–3 SI) wurden an Proben der leukokraten Altenberger und Haibacher Granite, darüber hinaus auch an Kernen des sauren Eisgarner Granits und der Aplite gemessen. Der einzige feinkörnige Granit mit einem überdurchschnittlichen Mittelwert (M = 1.32 × 10–3 SI) im Vergleich zu anderen Graniten ist der Schlägl Granit.Die errechneten Mittelwerte der NRM streuen über einen Bereich von 104 mA/m. Der Altenberger und der Haibacher Granit (fein- bis mittelkörnige Zweiglimmergranite) weisen auch hier wieder die geringsten Werte (< 1 mA/m) auf. Die Gruppe der grobkörnigen, älteren synorogenen Granite (Finger undHöck, 1986), nämlich Weinsberger und Engerwitzdorfer (mittel- bis grobkörnig), Schlierengranit und Rastenberger Granodiorit bleiben mit ihren NRM Werten unter 5 mA/m mit Ausnahme des offensichtlich stärker remanent magnetisierten Schlierengranits (25 mA/m).Alle untersuchten grobkörnigen Granite weisen Qn Werte < 0.25 (Ausnahme: Schlierengranit) auf, während hingegen die fein- bis mittelkörnigen Peuerbacher, Schärdinger und Schremser Granit, sowie die Feinkorngranite im allgemeinen, alle Qn > 1 erreichen.Die Dichten der verschiedenen Granite variieren nur von 2600 kg/m3 bis 2710 kg/m3 (Gesteinsmittelwerte). Dies zeigt, daß die Betrachtung nur eines einzigen petrophysikalischen Parameters in vielen Fällen nicht alleine ausreicht um ein Gestein petrophysikalisch eindeutig zu bestimmen. Vielmehr stellte sich für eine Charakterisierung der Gesteine eine kombinierte Untersuchung von NRM-SUS oder p-SUS oft als zielführend heraus, wie z.B. im Falle des Schremser Granits und des Mauthausener Granits.


With 15 Figures  相似文献   
26.
27.
Shock amorphization of plagioclase, from partial to complete, has been used to evaluate the degree of shock in meteorites. Important information on the shock amplitude can be derived from the measurement of the refractive index in plagioclase, either from mineral separates or in petrographic thin sections. However, this technique is time‐consuming, and associated sample preparations are considered destructive and are not always possible for precious and rare meteorite samples. In addition, plagioclase amorphization is commonly inhomogeneous at the sample scale and a statistically meaningful number of grains must be considered. Here, we apply several nondestructive spectroscopic techniques, such as Raman spectroscopy, photoluminescence, and cathodoluminescence, to plagioclase experimentally shocked at 28 GPa, and thus in the transition regime between crystalline plagioclase and fully amorphous material. Most of the plagioclase was transformed into diaplectic glass at 28 GPa, yet some grains exhibit heterogeneously distributed crystalline domains. This confirms that intrinsic and extrinsic factors lead to local variations in the intensity of the shock pressure within individual plagioclase crystals of homogeneous composition. The amorphization of plagioclase can qualitatively (and potentially also quantitatively) be investigated by spectroscopic techniques, highlighting such local variations in the shock efficiency.  相似文献   
28.
Permafrost degradation influences the morphology, biogeochemical cycling and hydrology of Arctic landscapes over a range of time scales. To reconstruct temporal patterns of early to late Holocene permafrost and thermokarst dynamics, site‐specific palaeo‐records are needed. Here we present a multi‐proxy study of a 350‐cm‐long permafrost core from a drained lake basin on the northern Seward Peninsula, Alaska, revealing Lateglacial to Holocene thermokarst lake dynamics in a central location of Beringia. Use of radiocarbon dating, micropalaeontology (ostracods and testaceans), sedimentology (grain‐size analyses, magnetic susceptibility, tephra analyses), geochemistry (total nitrogen and carbon, total organic carbon, δ13Corg) and stable water isotopes (δ18O, δD, d excess) of ground ice allowed the reconstruction of several distinct thermokarst lake phases. These include a pre‐lacustrine environment at the base of the core characterized by the Devil Mountain Maar tephra (22 800±280 cal. a BP, Unit A), which has vertically subsided in places due to subsequent development of a deep thermokarst lake that initiated around 11 800 cal. a BP (Unit B). At about 9000 cal. a BP this lake transitioned from a stable depositional environment to a very dynamic lake system (Unit C) characterized by fluctuating lake levels, potentially intermediate wetland development, and expansion and erosion of shore deposits. Complete drainage of this lake occurred at 1060 cal. a BP, including post‐drainage sediment freezing from the top down to 154 cm and gradual accumulation of terrestrial peat (Unit D), as well as uniform upward talik refreezing. This core‐based reconstruction of multiple thermokarst lake generations since 11 800 cal. a BP improves our understanding of the temporal scales of thermokarst lake development from initiation to drainage, demonstrates complex landscape evolution in the ice‐rich permafrost regions of Central Beringia during the Lateglacial and Holocene, and enhances our understanding of biogeochemical cycles in thermokarst‐affected regions of the Arctic.  相似文献   
29.
30.
Early to late Holocene sediments from core F80, Fårö Deep, Baltic Sea, are investigated for their palynomorph composition and dinoflagellate cyst record to map variations in sea‐surface‐water salinity and palaeoproductivity during the past 6000 years. The F80 palynomorph assemblages are subdivided into four Assemblage Zones (AZs) named A to D. The transition from the stratigraphically oldest AZ A to B reflects a marked increase in palaeoproductivity and a gradual increase in surface‐water salinity over the ~1500 years between the Initial Littorina (former Mastogloia Sea Stage) and Littorina Sea Stage. A period with maximum sea‐surface salinity is recorded within the overlying AZ C from 7200 to 5200 cal. a BP, where the process length of Operculodinium centrocarpum indicates that average salinities were probably the highest (~15–17 versus 7.5 psu today) since the last glaciation. The change from AZ C to D correlates with a shift from laminated to non‐laminated sediments, and the dinoflagellate cyst assemblages suggest that the surface‐ and the deep‐water environment altered from c. 5250 cal. a BP, with less productivity in the surface water and more oxygenated conditions in the deep water. Here we demonstrate that past regional changes in surface salinity, primary productivity and deep‐water oxygenation status in the Baltic Sea can be traced by mapping overall palynomorph composition, dinoflagellate cyst assemblages and variations in the process length of O. centrocarpum in relation to periods of laminated/non‐laminated sedimentation and proportion of organic‐matter in the sediments. An understanding of past productivity changes is particularly important to better understand present‐day environmental changes within the Baltic Sea region.  相似文献   
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