1900年前后中国特大旱灾的旱情及其形成的自然因素

为了深入认识近代特大干旱事件的成因,利用中国1900年前后旱涝等级资料、近500年旱涝分布图集和西北地区近500年旱涝分布图集资料等,分析了1900年前后中国特大旱灾的旱情及其形成的自然因素。结果表明:(1)1900年前后的特大旱灾出现在100年来年代际变暖期,以北方干旱最严重,且多灾并发。(2)1900年前后是年代际夏季风最弱的时期,西太平洋副热带高压位置偏南和西伯利亚高压年代际增强期是特大旱灾发生的直接原因。(3)强厄尔尼诺事件与太阳黑子相对数的低值期,也是1900年前后特大旱灾发生的重要原因。     

基于通量距平的大气-海洋-海冰耦合模式

该文是对基于月平均通量距平（ＭＦＡ）的海气耦合方案及其在４个海气耦合的环流模式中应用情况的一个综合评述．这些模式的实施情况表明，由于采用精细化了的参考通量，修正的ＭＦＡ（ＭＭＦＡ）比它的原型具有更为稳定的控制气候漂移的能力．     

CoLM模式对青藏高原中部BJ站陆面过程的数值模拟

利用公共陆面模式Common Land Model(CoLM)及"全球协调加强观测计划之亚澳季风青藏高原试验"(CAMP/Tibet)中那曲地区Bujiao(BJ)站2002—2004年的观测资料对该地区进行了单点数值模拟试验。通过比较模拟与观测的地表能量通量,表明CoLM较成功地模拟了该地区的能量分配。模式对向上的短波辐射、向上的长波辐射、净辐射及土壤热通量模拟得较好,但冬季存在偏差。进一步比较了模拟和观测的土壤温度及土壤湿度,发现浅层60 cm土壤温度模拟较好,深层存在偏差,表现为土壤温度变化滞后于实际变化。土壤湿度总体偏小,尤其是冬季冻结期,土壤冻融过程中忽略了土壤液态水在温度0℃以下仍能存在,含冰量模拟偏高。     

Influence of leaf water potential on diurnal changes in CO2 and water vapour fluxes

Mass and energy fluxes between the atmosphere and vegetation are driven by meteorological variables, and controlled by plant water status, which may change more markedly diurnally than soil water. We tested the hypothesis that integration of dynamic changes in leaf water potential may improve the simulation of CO₂ and water fluxes over a wheat canopy. Simulation of leaf water potential was integrated into a comprehensive model (the ChinaAgrosys) of heat, water and CO₂ fluxes and crop growth. Photosynthesis from individual leaves was integrated to the canopy by taking into consideration the attenuation of radiation when penetrating the canopy. Transpiration was calculated with the Shuttleworth-Wallace model in which canopy resistance was taken as a link between energy balance and physiological regulation. A revised version of the Ball-Woodrow-Berry stomatal model was applied to produce a new canopy resistance model, which was validated against measured CO₂ and water vapour fluxes over winter wheat fields in Yucheng (36°57′ N, 116°36′ E, 28 m above sea level) in the North China Plain during 1997, 2001 and 2004. Leaf water potential played an important role in causing stomatal conductance to fall at midday, which caused diurnal changes in photosynthesis and transpiration. Changes in soil water potential were less important. Inclusion of the dynamics of leaf water potential can improve the precision of the simulation of CO₂ and water vapour fluxes, especially in the afternoon under water stress conditions.     

A western North Pacific tropical cyclone intensity prediction scheme

A western North Pacific tropical cyclone (TC) intensity prediction scheme (WIPS) is developed based on TC samples from 1996 to 2002 using the stepwise regression technique, with the western North Pacific divided into three sub-regions: the region near the coast of East China (ECR), the South China Sea region (SCR), and the far oceanic region (FOR). Only the TCs with maximum sustained surface wind speed greater than 17.2 m s⁻¹ are used in the scheme. Potential predictors include the climatology and persistence factors, synoptic environmental conditions, potential intensity of a TC and proximity of a TC to land. Variances explained by the selected predictors suggest that the potential intensity of a TC and the proximity of a TC to land are significant in almost all the forecast equations. Other important predictors include vertical wind shear in ECR, 500-hPa geopotential height anomaly at the TC center, zonal component of TC translation speed in SCR, intensity change of TC 12 or 24 h prior to initial time, and the longitude of TC center in FOR.     

气象电视会商会议系统的使用和维护

本文介绍省台———国家气象中心的电视会议系统的构成原理,总结省台与国家气象中心电视会商系统使用维护过程中的经验,对系统的使用和正在进行安装调试的“省—市—县”电视会商系统的使用提供借鉴。     

模式水平分辨率对祁连山区降水模拟影响的初步分析

利用中尺度模式MM5V3．6，针对祁连山地区2002年7月14～17日的一次降水过程，设计了一组不同水平分辨率的试验进行数值模拟。并将模式结果与实测资料进行对比，结果表明：高水平分辨率对降水中心位置的模拟较好，但同时会产生虚假降水中心，且模拟的降水中心量值一般都大于实测值。而低水平分辨率对降水量值的模拟较好，但对降水中心位置的模拟没有高水平分辨率的好。     

一个半线性耦合抛物型方程组爆破解的速率估计

考虑一个方程和非线性边界条件耦合的半线性抛物型方程组,运用Scaling方法、Green函数、Schauder估计等方法,研究该方程组解的爆破速率,并给出非线性反应项和吸收项对爆破速率的影响。     

开封、安阳市气温变化异同分析

利用开封、安阳市1961-2010年2月气温资料,采用数理统计原理、回归分析、倾向率、显著性检验等方法,对两市的气温变化及异同进行分析.分析结果表明:两市49 a年平均气温呈上升趋势,开封年平均气温高于安阳,安阳近10 a气候变暖有减缓趋势.春季两市平均气温都呈上升趋势,开封上升幅度大干安阳,安阳近10 a气候变暖有减...     

粗糙冷岛宽度与布局对局地气候影响的数值研究

利用一个二维大气模式，研究粗糙冷岛宽度与布局对局地气候的影响问题。结果表明：粗糙冷岛激发的局地环流随其宽度的变化表现出３种流型－单环流型，双上升单下沉型，双环流型。存在４０－５０ｋｍ左右的临界宽度ｄｃ，当粗糙冷岛宽度ｄ〈ｄｃ时，粗糙冷岛激发的局地环流随ｄ的增加而明显增强；而ｄ〉ｄｃ时，局地环流随ｄ的增国变化不大，甚至趋向准定常。