全文获取类型
收费全文 | 1202篇 |
免费 | 57篇 |
国内免费 | 22篇 |
专业分类
测绘学 | 27篇 |
大气科学 | 80篇 |
地球物理 | 357篇 |
地质学 | 415篇 |
海洋学 | 98篇 |
天文学 | 175篇 |
综合类 | 6篇 |
自然地理 | 123篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 5篇 |
2023年 | 4篇 |
2022年 | 4篇 |
2021年 | 24篇 |
2020年 | 30篇 |
2019年 | 22篇 |
2018年 | 41篇 |
2017年 | 33篇 |
2016年 | 50篇 |
2015年 | 52篇 |
2014年 | 43篇 |
2013年 | 71篇 |
2012年 | 65篇 |
2011年 | 72篇 |
2010年 | 71篇 |
2009年 | 77篇 |
2008年 | 80篇 |
2007年 | 71篇 |
2006年 | 58篇 |
2005年 | 54篇 |
2004年 | 51篇 |
2003年 | 34篇 |
2002年 | 32篇 |
2001年 | 19篇 |
2000年 | 13篇 |
1999年 | 13篇 |
1998年 | 18篇 |
1997年 | 14篇 |
1996年 | 15篇 |
1995年 | 11篇 |
1994年 | 9篇 |
1993年 | 11篇 |
1992年 | 12篇 |
1991年 | 5篇 |
1990年 | 3篇 |
1989年 | 8篇 |
1988年 | 5篇 |
1987年 | 8篇 |
1986年 | 7篇 |
1985年 | 14篇 |
1984年 | 6篇 |
1983年 | 10篇 |
1982年 | 8篇 |
1981年 | 5篇 |
1980年 | 6篇 |
1979年 | 3篇 |
1978年 | 6篇 |
1975年 | 4篇 |
1972年 | 1篇 |
1971年 | 1篇 |
排序方式: 共有1281条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
101.
Organic carbon inputs,common ions and degassing: rethinking mixing dissolution in coastal eogenetic carbonate aquifers 下载免费PDF全文
Caves deliver freshwater from coastal carbonate landscapes to estuaries but how these caves form and grow remains poorly understood. Models suggest fresh and salt water mixing drives dissolution in eogenetic limestone, but have rarely been validated through sampling of mixing waters. Here we assess controls on carbonate mineral saturation states using new and legacy geochemical data that were collected in vertical profiles through three cenotes and one borehole in the Yucatan Peninsula. Results suggest saturation states are primarily controlled by carbon fluxes rather than mixing. Undersaturation predicted by mixing models that rely on idealized end members is diminished or eliminated when end members are collected from above and below actual mixing zones. Undersaturation due to mixing is limited by CO2 degassing from fresh water in karst windows, which results in calcite supersaturation. With respect to saline groundwater, controls on capacity for mixing dissolution were more varied. Oxidation of organic carbon increased pCO2 of saline groundwater in caves (pCO2 = 10–2.06 to 10–0.96 atm) relative to matrix porosity (10–2.39 atm) and local seawater (10–3.12 atm). The impact of increased pCO2 on saturation state, however, depended on the geochemical composition of the saline water and the magnitude of organic carbon oxidation. Carbonate undersaturation due to mixing was limited where gypsum dissolution (Cenote Angelita) or sulfate reduction (Cenote Calica) increased concentrations of common ions (Ca2+ or HCO3?, respectively). Maximum undersaturation was found to occur in mixtures including saline water that had ion concentrations and ratios similar to seawater, but with moderately elevated pCO2 (Cenote Eden). Undersaturation, however, was dominated by the initial undersaturation of the saline end member, mixing was irrelevant. Our results add to a growing body of literature that suggests oxidation of organic carbon, and not mixing dissolution, is the dominant control on cave formation and enlargement in coastal eogenetic karst aquifers. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
102.
103.
104.
Andrew Harris Salvatore Alparone Alessandro Bonforte Jonathan Dehn Salvatore Gambino Luigi Lodato Letizia Spampinato 《Bulletin of Volcanology》2012,74(6):1293-1311
Between 1994 and 2010, we completed 16 thermal surveys of Vulcano’s Fossa fumarole field (Aeolian Islands, Italy). In each survey, between 400 and 1,200 vent temperatures were collected using a thermal infrared thermometer from distances of ~1?m. The results show a general decrease in average vent temperature during 1994–2003, with the average for the entire field falling from ~220°C in 1994 to ~150°C by 2003. However, between 2004 and 2010, we witnessed heating, with the average increasing to ~190°C by 2010. Alongside these annual-scale field-wide trends, we record a spatial re-organisation of the fumarole field, characterised by shut down of vent zones towards the crater floor, matched by rejuvenation of zones located towards the crater rim. Heating may be expected to be associated with deflation because increased amounts of vaporisation will remove volume from the hydrothermal system Gambino and Guglielmino (J Geophys Res 113:B07402, 2008). However, over the 2004–2010 heating period, no ground deformation was observed. Instead, the number of seismic events increased from a typical rate of 37 events per month during 1994–2000 to 195 events per month during 2004–2010. As part of this increase, we noticed a much greater number of high-frequency events associated with rock fracturing. We thus suggest that the heating event of 2004–2010 was the result of changed permeability conditions, rather than change in the heat supply from the deeper magmatic source. Within this scenario, cooling causes shut down of lower sectors and re-establishment of pathways located towards the crater rim, causing fracturing, increased seismicity and heat flow in these regions. This is consistent with the zone of rejuvenation (which lies towards and at the rim) being the most favourable location for fracturing given the stress field of the Fossa cone Sch?pa et al. (J Volcanol Geotherm Res 203:133–145, 2011); it is also the most established zone, having been active at least since the early twentieth century. Our data show the value of deploying multi-disciplinary geophysical campaigns at degassing (fumarolic) hydrothermal systems. This allows more complete and constrained understanding of the true heat loss dynamics of the system. In the case study presented here, it allows us to distinguish true heating from apparent heating phases. While the former are triggered from the bottom-up, i.e. they are driven by increases in heat supply from the magmatic source, the latter are triggered from the top-down, i.e. by changing permeability conditions in the uppermost portion of the system to allow more efficient heat flow over zones predisposed to fracturing. 相似文献
105.
Jonathan C. Allan George R. Priest Yinglong J. Zhang Laura L. Gabel 《Natural Hazards》2018,94(1):21-52
Recent tsunamis affecting the West Coast of the USA have resulted in significant damage to ports and harbors, as well as to recreational and commercial vessels attempting to escape the tsunami. With the completion of tsunami inundation simulations for a distant tsunami originating from the Aleutian Islands and a locally generated tsunami on the Cascadia subduction zone (CSZ), the State of Oregon is now able to provide guidance on the magnitudes and directions of the simulated currents for the Oregon coast and shelf region. Our analyses indicate that first wave arrivals for an Aleutian Island event would take place on the north coast,?~?3 h 40 min after the start of the earthquake,?~?20 min later on the southern Oregon coast. The simulations demonstrated significant along-coast variability in both the tsunamis water levels and currents, caused by localized bathymetric effects (e.g., submarine banks and reefs). A locally generated CSZ event would reach the open coast within 7–13 min; maximum inundation occurs at?~?30–40 min. As the tsunami current velocities increase, the potential for damage in ports and harbors correspondingly increases, while also affecting a vessels ability to maintain control out on the ocean. Scientific consensus suggests that tsunami currents?<?1.54 m/s are unlikely to impact maritime safety in ports and harbors. No such guidance is available for boats operating on the ocean, though studies undertaken in Japan suggest that velocities in the region of 1–2 m/s may be damaging to boats. In addition to the effects of currents, there is the added potential for wave amplification of locally generated wind waves interacting with opposing tsunami currents in the offshore. Our analyses explore potential wave amplification effects for a range of generic sea states, ultimately producing a nomogram of wave amplification for a range of wave and opposing current conditions. These data will be useful for US Coast Guard and Port authorities as they evaluate maritime tsunami evacuation options for the Oregon coast. Finally, we identify three regions of hazard (high, moderate, and low) across the Oregon shelf, which can be used to help guide final designation of tsunami maritime evacuation zones for the coast. 相似文献
106.
Relations between hydrology and velocity of a continuously moving landslide—evidence of pore-pressure feedback regulating landslide motion? 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
We measured displacement, pore-water pressure, and climatic conditions for 3 years at the continuously moving Slumgullion
landslide in Colorado, USA. The landslide accelerated when pore-water pressure increased within the landslide body, but this
occurred as pore-water pressure decreased along the landslide margin. The decrease probably occurred in response to shear-induced
soil dilation at rates greater than pore-pressure diffusion and likely increased resistance to shear displacement and resulted
in landslide deceleration. This dilative strengthening has been experimentally observed and explained theoretically, but not
previously identified during field studies. Although landslide displacement should have exceeded that required to achieve
critical-state density of shear boundaries, observed relocation of these boundaries indicates that shearing is episodic at
fixed locations, so it permits renewed dilative strengthening when “fresh” soil is sheared. Thus, dilatant strengthening may
be a considerable mechanism controlling landslide velocity, even for landslides that have continuously moved great distances. 相似文献
107.
Tara A. Kniskern Jonathan A. Warrick Katherine L. Farnsworth Robert A. Wheatcroft Miguel A. Goñi 《Continental Shelf Research》2011,31(7-8):789-805
The majority of water and sediment discharge from the small, mountainous watersheds of the US West Coast occurs during and immediately following winter storms. The physical conditions (waves, currents, and winds) within and acting upon the proximal coastal ocean during these winter storms strongly influence dispersal patterns. We examined this river–ocean temporal coherence for four coastal river–shelf systems of the US West Coast (Umpqua, Eel, Salinas, and Santa Clara) to evaluate whether specific ocean conditions occur during floods that may influence coastal dispersal of sediment. Eleven years of corresponding river discharge, wind, and wave data were obtained for each river–shelf system from USGS and NOAA historical records, and each record was evaluated for seasonal and event-based patterns. Because near-bed shear stresses due to waves influence sediment resuspension and transport, we used spectral wave data to compute and evaluate wave-generated bottom-orbital velocities. The highest values of wave energy and discharge for all four systems were consistently observed between October 15 and March 15, and there were strong latitudinal patterns observed in these data with lower discharge and wave energies in the southernmost systems. During floods we observed patterns of river–ocean coherence that differed from the overall seasonal patterns. For example, downwelling winds generally prevailed during floods in the northern two systems (Umpqua and Eel), whereas winds in the southern systems (Salinas and Santa Clara) were generally downwelling before peak discharge and upwelling after peak discharge. Winds not associated with floods were generally upwelling on all four river–shelf systems. Although there are seasonal variations in river–ocean coherence, waves generally led floods in the three northern systems, while they lagged floods in the Santa Clara. Combined, these observations suggest that there are consistent river–ocean coherence patterns along the US West Coast during winter storms and that these patterns vary substantially with latitude. These results should assist with future evaluations of flood plume formation and sediment fate along this coast. 相似文献
108.
Previous studies have used models of three-dimensional (3D) Boussinesq convection in a rotating spherical shell to explain the zonal flows on the gas giants, Jupiter and Saturn. In this paper we demonstrate that this approach can also generate flow patterns similar to those observed on the ice giants, Uranus and Neptune. The equatorial jets of Uranus and Neptune are often assumed to result from baroclinic cloud layer processes and have been simulated with shallow layer models. Here we show that vigorous, 3D convection in a spherical shell can produce the retrograde (westward) equatorial flows that occur on the ice giants as well as the prograde (eastward) equatorial flows of the gas giants. In our models, the direction of the equatorial jet depends on the ratio of buoyancy to Coriolis forces in the system. In cases where Coriolis forces dominate buoyancy, cylindrical Reynolds stresses drive prograde equatorial jets. However, as buoyancy forces approach and exceed Coriolis forces, the cylindrical nature of the flow is lost and 3D mixing homogenizes the fluid's angular momentum; the equatorial jet reverses direction, while strong prograde jets form in the polar regions. Although the results suggest that conditions involving strong atmospheric mixing are responsible for generating the zonal flows on the ice giants, our present models require roughly 100 and 10 times the internal heat fluxes observed on Uranus and Neptune, respectively. 相似文献
109.