The condensation and fractionation of refractory lithophile elements

It has long been recognized that Cr, Mg, and Si are fractionated in chondritic material along with, but to a much lesser extent than, a large group of more refractory elements. Reasoning that this might imply some unique distribution at the time of fractionation, the patterns have been reexamined. It now appears as if two distinct fractionation patterns can be resolved: one involving ordinary and enstatite chondrites and the other involving carbonaceous chondrites, the Earth, the Moon, and the eucrite parent body. Significantly, the two trends inevitably intersect at C1 composition. Ordinary and enstatite chondrites appear to have evolved from C1 composition via the removal of about 40 and 56% of a high-temperature condensate. Another high-temperature condensate, with a distinctly different composition, appears to be enriched in the carbonaceous chondrites, the Moon, and possibly the Earth, but depleted in the eucrite parent body. The compositions of these two components are constrained to fall on the appropriate mixing lines. These lines intersect the condensation path at two points, one where Mg₂SiO₄ has just begun to condense (～20%) and a second where Mg₂SiO₄ was almost completely condensed (～90%). This represents about an 80° temperature difference. But it is within this range that the largest fraction of planetary matter (Mg, Si, and Fe) condenses. Conceivably the relatively sudden appearance of large amounts of condensed material is in some way related to the fractionation process, although the exact relationship cannot be specified.     

Assessing Similarity of Geographic Processes and Events

The increased availability of spatiotemporal data collected from satellite imagery and other remote sensors provides opportunities for enhanced analysis of geographic phenomena. Much of the new data includes regular snapshots of the environment. Comparison of these snapshots can provide information about changes to the phenomena of interest. However, conventional GIS data models and analytical tools lack capabilities to adequately handle massive multidimensional data. One of the fundamental tools necessary to meet such challenges is query support to retrieve and summarize data according to dynamic geographic phenomena, such as geographic events and processes, of interest. Such query support depends upon abilities to assess spatiotemporal similarity so that data representing geographic events that exhibit the spatiotemporal characteristics of interest can be identified in a GIS database. To this end, this paper introduces a method to assess similarity of geographic events and processes (such as storms) based on their spatiotemporal characteristics (such as distribution of precipitation). We developed six indices to capture static and dynamic characteristics of geographic events and applied the Dynamic Time Warping method to temporal sequences of the six indices to examine the similarity among these events. With a case study, we demonstrated the proposed indices and method capable of comparing spatiotemporal characteristics of events as recorded in a GIS database and categorizing spatiotemporal data into groups of events according to their behavior in space and time.     

Modelling and predicting the spatial dispersion of skin cancer considering environmental and socio-economic factors using a digital earth approach

ABSTRACT

Almost all causative factors of diseases depend on location. The Digital Earth approach is suitable for studying diseases globally. Geospatial information systems integrated with statistical models can be used to model the relationship between a disease and its causative factors. Through modelling, the most important causative factors can be extracted and the epidemiology of the disease can be observed. In this paper, skin cancer (the most common type of cancer) has been modelled based on its causative factors, including climate factors, people's occupations, nutrition habits, socio-economic factors, and usage of chemical fertiliser. To fit the model, a data framework was first designed, and then data were gathered and processed. Finally, the disease was modelled using Generalised Linear Models (GLM), a statistical model based on the location of the factors. The results of this study identify the most important causative factors together with their relative priority. Furthermore, a model was used to predict the change in skin cancer occurrences caused by a change in one of its causative factors. This work illustrates the ability of the model to predict disease occurrence. Thus, by using this Digital Earth approach, skincancer can be studied in all the key countries around the world.     

Estimates of current status of forest types in Kolli Hill using remote sensing

The vegetation of Kolli Hill, has been classified for its forest cover types using landsat TM FCCs of two season namely summer (March) and winter (November). The FCCs of two seasons were interpreted visually based on the standard interpretation elements. Extensive field checks were done and corrections were made in both the maps wherever found necessary’. Finally the forest cover type map of Kolli Hill on 1:50,000 scale was drawn by overlaying the interpreted maps of the two seasons The different types of forest were named following Champion and Seth’s classification scheme and the areas of different forest types estimated.     

Effect of Drain Pipes on Uplift Force and Exit Hydraulic Gradient and the Design of Gravity Dams Using the Finite Element Method

Geotechnical and Geological Engineering - The effects of diameter and location of drain pipes on the uplift force and exit hydraulic gradient for a gravity dam are investigated. A numerical model...     

Co-simulated Size Number: An Elegant Novel Algorithm for Identification of Multivariate Geochemical Anomalies

Natural Resources Research - Identification of geochemical anomalies is of particular importance for tracing the footprints of anomalies. This can be implemented by advanced techniques of...     

Jenniferann.com,regional development,and realising the aspirations of mana whenua in Pōkeno

During the 1990s, the township of Pōkeno was held up as an example of a declining rural Aotearoa/New Zealand. By‐passed from the national state highway, it lost its status as a service hub and drastic measures were introduced to revitalise the town, including renaming the town “ Jenniferann.com .” Pōkeno has since undergone an unlikely transformation, with foreign investment and its location within an extended Auckland commuter zone meaning that the township has grown exponentially. This article describes the transformation of Pōkeno and uncovers what has been missing from discussions about Pōkeno's reinvention, namely, the place of mana whenua.