Zur Bildung und Stabilität von Forsterit,Talk, Serpentin,Quarz und Magnesit im System MgO-SiO2-H2O-CO2

The equilibrium data (temperatures and CO₂ content of the fluid phase) were de termined under a total pressurePf = 2 kb for the following bivariant reactions in the four components system MgO-SiO₂ H₂O-CO₂:

1. a)
   2 forsterite + 2 H₂O + 1 CO₂ ? 1 serpentine + 1 magnesite     

South Africa in GEAR: ‘A better life for all’ or a zero-sum game of globalization?

State conduct of commerce with the rest of the world has always been important, rather than determinant, to domestic capacity to generate and distribute output and income. Theoretically, engagements of world commerce have included protectionism, inward-looking strategies, integration for interdependence, insertion for dependence, openness to imports and free trade regimes. For erstwhile colonies in Africa, the trajectory of engagement has seemed to be predetermined due to colonial-formation of their economies. As the model of evolution of Africa's external relations demonstrates, states in that continent have been inserted into the global system for dependent extraversion and adjustments. Attempts at trade and market liberalisation there have perpetuated openness to imports. Given that state of affairs, states in that continent have been eroded of capacity of domesticating globalisation for local socio-economic transformation. From a political-economy perspective, the paper views South Africa's Growth, Employment and Redistribution (GEAR) strategy as an instrument of appropriation that is set to perpetuate that country's dependent extraversion and openness to imports. The paper uses the balance of payments to demonstrate that country's poor state of commerce with the rest of the world. It argues that as external trade and capital flows and investments, which are shaped through domestic economic policy, affect in return domestic capacity of transforming the structures of deprivation, GEAR has inaugurated a zero-sum game of globalisation, rather than `a better life for all'. We analyse several indicators of economic performance and social wellbeing to demonstrate the paradoxical operations and Janus-faced tendencies of globalisation and the attendant lack of transformation of structures of deprivation in South Africa. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Survey and monitoring of landslide displacements by means of L-band satellite SAR interferometry

This paper illustrates the capabilities of L-band satellite SAR interferometry for the investigation of landslide displacements. SAR data acquired by the L-band JERS satellite over the Italian and Swiss Alps have been analyzed together with C-band ERS-1/2 SAR data and in situ information. The use of L-band SAR data with a wavelength larger than the usual C-band, generally considered for ground motion measurements, reduces some of the limitations of differential SAR interferometry, in particular, signal decorrelation induced by vegetation cover and rapid displacements. The sites of the Alta Val Badia region in South Tyrol (Italy), Ruinon in Lombardia (Italy), Saas Grund in Valais (Switzerland) and Campo Vallemaggia in Ticino (Switzerland), representing a comprehensive set of different mass wasting phenomena in various environments, are considered. The landslides in the Alta Val Badia region are good examples for presenting the improved performance of L-band in comparison to C-band for vegetated areas, in particular concerning open forest. The landslides of Ruinon, Saas Grund, and Campo Vallemaggia demonstrate the strength of L-band in observing moderately fast displacements in comparison to C-band. This work, performed with historical SAR data from a satellite which operated until 1998, demonstrates the capabilities of future planned L-band SAR missions, like ALOS and TerraSAR-L, for landslide studies.     

Implications of EU-Water Framework Directive for the East German Postmining Landscape Lausitz: Coping with a sparse knowledge of the underground

Mining dumps are major sources of pollutants within the mining area of Lausitz, especially sulphate and iron. Their existence in catchment areas comprising groundwater bodies or lakes often imposes negative effects on the water quality. The European Union Water Framework Directive [EU-WFD, 2000. Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2000 establishing a framework for Community action in the field of water policy. The European Parliament and Council, L327/1, p. 72] aims to achieve ‘good quality’ status for all water bodies across Europe by 2015. Consequently, predicting the development of ground and lake water quality is necessary and must be based on the geochemical composition of the mining dumps. Therefore, the dumps need to be quantified as pollutant sources.A method to calculate the amount of sulphate in mine dumps is presented. It is based on historic geological and geochemical data characterising the pre-mining situation. Additional information on the dump body, derived from the vertical extension of mining activities and the current Digital Elevation Model (DEM), allows the composition of the dump to be determined. This procedure is demonstrated for the Bärwalde site. An average total sulphur content of 0.62% (5.9 million tonnes) was calculated for the Bärwalde dump. About 40% of it is estimated to be pyrite sulphur. Applying an average pyrite oxidation rate for the whole dump body of 7% led to an additional water-soluble mass of 0.18 million tonnes of sulphate sulphur.Applying this technique to all mine dumps managed by the postmining administration company LMBV, will improve our knowledge of the catchment area for the different lakes of Lausitz and will form an essential basis for reactive transport calculations.     

Patch scale aggregation of heterogeneous land surface cover for mesoscale meteorological models

Theoretical studies dealing with aggregation of surface parameters at small scale are reviewed. Finding effective parameters for surface resistance is possible for most cases by taking simple geometric or arithmetic averages of the component resistances. The use of more sophisticated techniques such as the blending height improves the calculations. Resistances for heat and water vapour behave differently in heterogeneous terrain. A simple surface energy balance model is adapted to show the behaviour of the roughness length of heat and water vapour in heterogeneous terrain. It is suggested that this simple parameterization can adequately take into account the effect of variation in surface cover on the fluxes of heat and water vapour.     

Examination of microstructural features of Norwegian cataclastic rocks and their use for predicting alkali-reactivity in concrete

The microstructural features of various Norwegian rock samples have been studied and quantified by different techniques. The majority of the rocks studied were different types of cataclastic rocks. Expansion results from a modified version of the NBRI Mortar-Bar Test for alkali reactivity are used for correlation with the quantitative parameters. The aim is to identify microstructural features in the various rock types which promote the alkaliaggregate reaction, and to subsequently use these findings to improve and provide guidelines for engineering practice in order to predict and make more accurate determinations of potentially reactive aggregates. The deformation processes of rocks involve the general process of straining of quartz, grain size reduction and subgrain development. This is characteristic of mylonitisation. This study demonstrates that the grain size reduction of quartz enhances reactivity by increasing the surface area of quartz grain boundaries available for reaction, and thus giving an overall increase in surface energy. Subgrain development will, besides the high surface area, contribute even more to an enhanced reactivity, due to the high dislocation density associated with the quartz subgrain boundaries. The total grain boundary area of quartz, and the mean grain size of quartz appear to be the most favourable quantitative parameters related to the expansion of different rock types. The measurement of the total grain boundary area of quartz, will enhance the value and improve the effectiveness of the petrographical examination as an engineering tool to screen potentially reactive aggregates.     

New investigations or recent vertical movements in the Carpatho-Balkan region

Recent work concerning the investigation of vertical movements in the Carpatho-Balkan Region is reported, based on the “Explanatory Text to the Map of Recent Vertical Movements in the Carpatho-Balkan Region”.For this investigation, the following countries supplied information: Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, GDR, Hungary, Poland, Romania, USSR, Austria, and Italy. The activities were coordinated by the Hungarian Geodetic Service. Hungary undertook the task of collecting the data, their preparation for adjustment, and the adjustment of the investigation network, as well as the compilation and publication of the map of vertical movement. The authors present the algorithm of the rigorous adjustment: the height differences of the second leveling have been adjusted jointly with the velocities derived from the first and second levelings.In this paper the applied geodetic and oceanographic data, as well as the main character of the investigation network are presented. The interpretation of the adjustment is outlined.The map of Recent Vertical Movements in the Carpatho-Balkan Region (CBR) is printed at the scale of 1:1,000,000.In general, it is claimed that due to the new methods of investigation, the new CBR map of vertical movements provides a better tool to help with further investigations.