城市雨水地下回灌过程中悬浮物表面堵塞规律

雨洪资源地下回灌是缓解城市供水压力、解决地下水过量开采引起环境负效应的有效途径之一,但堵塞问题却是制约回灌技术推广的关键问题。基于前人理论,研究了入渗介质与悬浮物粒径中值之比(D₅₀/d₅₀)对堵塞层空间分布的影响。以建立表面堵塞预测模型为目的,利用城市雨水回灌细粒石英砂介质开展室内实验,观测雨水回灌的表面堵塞过程并获取渗透性变化的观测数据。根据物理、化学与生物堵塞的产生条件及堵塞特点,判断雨水回灌产生的堵塞性质为物理堵塞。引入过滤模型描述堵塞的发展过程,确定了模型用于模拟细砂表面堵塞的参数值：孔隙堵塞系数（α）为0.15 m²/kg,阻力增长系数（f′R′）为20 000 m/kg。在不改变以上2个参数值的条件下,用该模型模拟不同悬浮物粒径悬浊水回灌细粒石英砂的堵塞过程,取得了较好的拟合效果。此过滤模型可以用于模拟入渗介质与悬浮物粒径D₅₀/d₅₀值小于5的表面堵塞的发展过程,可定量预测堵塞对回灌速率的影响。     

青藏高原东北部新近纪古流向与物源分布对隆升的响应

通过对青藏高原东北部11个新近纪沉积盆地的沉积相演化、古流向和物源演变的详细对比研究,揭示了研究区新近纪4次沉积演变与构造隆升的响应.①中新世早期(23～19.5Ma):阿牙克库木湖、柴达木、德令哈和酒泉盆地的古流向和物源分析表明东昆仑和阿尔金已经抬升成剥蚀区.循化、贵德和临夏等盆地物源和古流向指示西秦岭和拉脊山也已成为隆起区.区域上整体地势差异不显著.②中新世早中期(17.5～15Ma):区域湖盆面积扩大,阿牙克库木湖、索尔库里、柴达木和酒泉盆地的资料反映东昆仑、阿尔金和祁连山已经全面隆升,贵德循化、临夏盆地的古流向反映为盆地周缘型,指示西秦岭和拉脊山明显抬升,区域差异隆升造成盆地凹陷扩张进入湖泛期.③中新世中晚期(10～7Ma):阿牙克库木湖、索尔库里、柴达木和酒泉盆地沉积物的粒径和沉积速率增大,与热年代学证据一致,揭示出阿尔金山和祁连山进一步快速隆升.贵德、循化和临夏盆地古流向和物源反映为显著的多源性,除西秦岭和拉脊山外,位于循化和临夏两盆地间的积石山也开始隆起.④上新世(5.3Ma以来):索尔库里、柴达木和酒泉盆地古流向没有明显变化,沉积速率和粒径继续增大,阿尔金和祁连山加速隆升为高海拔地貌.贵德盆地主物源区是拉脊山.区域上,地势差异加强,湖盆被肢解后逐步萎缩消亡.     

海洋沉积物中的钒、钼、铊、镓及其环境指示意义

研究探讨沉积物中钒、钼、铊和镓的生物地球化学行为对揭示海洋环境演变机制有重要的科学意义,基于此考虑,本文系统分析总结了近年来海洋沉积物中V、Mo、Tl和Ga的地球化学特征以及与环境关系的研究进展,以期对深入开展环境敏感微量元素的海洋生物地球化学有所裨益。结果表明,由于受人为输入的影响,近海沉积物中V、Mo、Tl和Ga含量高于远海,河口高于近海;在表层沉积物中,细颗粒沉积物中V、Mo、Tl和Ga含量高于粗颗粒中的,且其含量与物源、有机质含量等沉积环境因素密切相关;在垂直分布上,随沉积物深度的增加,V、Mo、Tl和Ga含量趋于降低,表明近几十年来,随人为影响的加剧,海洋作为地球上物质的汇获得了比以前更多的V、Mo、Tl和Ga。由此可见,在水平方向上,海洋沉积物中V、Mo、Tl和Ga的丰度可表明输入物源的特性,而在柱状样中的垂直分布,则能够表征历史年代上V、Mo、Tl和Ga沉积量的差异。由于沉积物中V、Mo、Tl和Ga的性质比较稳定,它们在一定程度上可以揭示和表征海洋环境演变的讯息,追溯海洋环境演变的历史以及预测将来的发展趋向。     

不同尺寸煤颗粒分选机理的研究

针对不同用户对煤炭粒径有不同的要求,煤颗粒粒径在4mm以下,其中0.125mm粒径以下的颗粒不能超过10%的无烟煤精粉有大量的出口需求,而目前所用设备产品质量不能满足要求,而且效率低的状况,对煤颗粒粒级分选设备的工作原理进行了分析并提出改进方案。基于流体力学理论对改进的设备的工作原理进行了数学建模和算例分析,得出随粒径不同,沉降时间不同,因而在风流中沉降距离不同,从而可以利用风流达到对煤粒进行分选的目的。     

New Urbanist developments in flood-prone areas: safe development,or safe development paradox?

Government policies intended to reduce flood losses can increase the potential for catastrophe by stimulating development inside the floodplain, a phenomenon referred to as the “safe development paradox.” New Urbanist design has the potential to both exacerbate and alleviate flood risks. Because they are built at relatively high densities, New Urbanist developments can exacerbate risk by placing more people and property in harm’s way. Conversely, New Urbanist design features theoretically better enable designers of New Urbanist developments to avoid floodplain portions of project sites than designers of conventional subdivisions. Using a sample of New Urbanist developments in the US that contain floodplain portions within their boundaries, this paper focuses on whether and why these developments locate built structures inside the floodplain. The authors find that roughly 30% of the developments locate structures inside the floodplain, and that the odds of locating structures inside the floodplain increase with the proportion of the project site located inside the floodplain and decrease with the presence of government policies that prohibit residential development in the floodplain. The authors also identify confusion among government planners regarding the distinction between pre and postconstruction floodplain boundaries. A subset of New Urbanist developments is found to have built structures located outside the postconstruction floodplain boundary, but inside the preconstruction floodplain boundary. This finding is cited as an example of the “safe development paradox” in action. The authors recommend changes in New Urbanist design codes and local government floodplain management to increasingly direct new development away from the floodplain.     

Tracing the 850-Ma continental flood basalts from a piece of subducted continental crust in the North Qaidam UHPM belt,NW China

A Paleozoic ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic (UHPM) belt extends along the northern margin of the Qaidam Basin, North Tibetan Plateau. Eclogites in the Yuka eclogite terrane, northwest part of this UHPM belt, occur as blocks or layers of varying size intercalated with granitic and pelitic gneisses. These eclogites have protoliths geochemically similar to enriched-type mid-ocean ridge basalts (E-MORB) and oceanic island basalts (OIB). On the basis of Ti/Y ratios, they can be divided into low-Ti and high-Ti groups. The low-Ti group (LTG) eclogites exhibit relatively low TiO₂ (most <2.5 wt%) and Ti/Y (<500) but comparatively high Mg# (48–55), whereas the high-Ti group (HTG) eclogites have high TiO₂ (most >2.5 wt%) and Ti/Y (>500) but lower Mg# (46–52). Zircons from two eclogite samples gave a magmatic crystallization (protolith) age of ∼850 Ma and a UHPM age of ∼433 Ma. The occurrence, geochemical features and age data of the Yuka eclogites suggest that their protoliths are segments of continental flood basalts (CFBs) with a mantle plume origin, similar to most typical CFBs. Our observation, together with the tectonic history and regional geologic context, lend support for the large scale onset of mantle plume within the Rodinia supercontinent at ∼850 Ma. The Qaidam block is probably one of the fragments of the Rodinia supercontinent with a volcanic-rifted passive margin. The latter may have been dragged to mantle depths by its subducting leading edge of the oceanic lithosphere in the Early Paleozoic.     

Release of heavy metals during weathering of the Lower Cambrian Black Shales in western Hunan,China

Weathering of heavy metal enriched black shales may be one of the most important sources of environmental contamination in areas where black shales are distributed. Heavy metal release during weathering of the Lower Cambrian Black Shales (LCBS) in western Hunan, China, was investigated using traditional geochemical methods and the ICP-MS analytical technique. Concentrations of 16 heavy metals, 8 trace elements and P were measured for samples from selected weathering profiles at the Taiping vanadium ore mine (TP), the Matian phosphorous ore mine (MT), and Taojiang stone-coal mine (TJ). The results show that the bedrock at these three profiles is enriched with Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb, Th, U, Mo, Cd, Sb, Tl, and P. Based on mass-balance calculation, the percentages of heavy metals released (in % loss) relative to immobile element Nb were estimated. The results show significant rates of release during weathering of: V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, U, Mo, Cd, Sn, Sb, and Tl for the TP profile; Sc, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb, Th, Cd, and Sn for the MT profile; and Sc, Mn, Co, Ni, Zn, Th, Cd, Sn, and Tl for the TJ profile. Among these heavy metals, Co, Ni, Zn, Cd, and Sn show very similar features of release from each of the three weathering profiles. The heavy metals released during weathering may affect the environment (especially topsoil and surface waters) and are possibly related to an observed high incidence of endemic diseases in the area.     

柴达木盆地东北缘中中新世以来古气候变化

全球变冷、青藏高原隆升以及特提斯洋海退被认为是控制亚洲大陆新生代气候变化的三大因素,然而由于长时间尺度古气候记录的匮乏,对于三者影响的认识并不清晰。柴达木盆地是青藏高原北部最大的一个封闭盆地,发育巨厚且连续的新生代地层,详细记录了周缘山体构造隆升过程和区域气候演化历史。本文通过柴达木盆地东北缘怀头他拉剖面的中中新世-早更新世沉积物气候代用指标碳酸盐、硫酸根和氯离子含量分析,显示该研究区中中新世以来气候变化经历了15.3~13.0Ma相对湿润、13.0~6.6Ma半干旱-半湿润和6.6~1.8Ma干旱的3个演化阶段。结合生物特征和前人研究成果,认为柴达木盆地干旱化历史可能从中中新世13Ma左右开始逐步发展,而真正意义上的干旱化始于6.6Ma以来。全球变冷是控制柴达木盆地干旱气候形成和发展的主导因素,同时青藏高原晚期持续阶段性的强烈隆升起到了催化剂的作用。     

水准网中起算点的选用方法探讨

水准网平差中起算点质量好坏不仅影响平差精度,而且如果采用不好的点位,直接影响成果的使用,带来严重后果。该文以青州市水准网的布设为例,分析讨论了起算点对水准网精度的影响,提出了根据较差中误差大小选用起算点的方法,阐述了该方法的步骤,达到的效果,以及水准网布设方法等。