成都粘土中石英的粒度分布及其表面微结构特征

对成都粘土以及相邻的川西黄土(青藏高原东部黄土)和北部黄土(秦岭山地及黄土高原黄土)的石英粒度分布和石英表面微结构进行了研究.结果显示大部分成都粘土的石英颗粒粒度频率曲线与川西黄土、北部黄土相似,为单峰分布,但有些成都粘土样品表现为双峰分布.成都粘土的石英粒度组成、粒度参数与川西黄土和北部黄土存在差异,成都粘土以粉砂粒级为主,有较好的分选.成都粘土的石英颗粒表面微结构与北部黄土存在差异,成都粘土石英颗粒表面的三角形撞击坑和碟形坑较深,轮廓线明显呈规则排列,表现出水下环境形成的特征.依据石英粒度分布和石英表面微结构特征,对成都粘土成因和物源进行了初步讨论.     

丹江口库区1990-2010年土地利用时空动态变化研究

以Landsat TM和HJ-1影像为数据源,运用CART(classification and regression tree)决策树分类方法提取了丹江口库区1990,1995,2000,2005,2010年的土地利用信息,在此基础上采用土地利用转移矩阵、土地利用动态度和单一土地利用类型相对变化率等评价指标全面分析了丹江口库区1990-2010年土地利用时空变化情况,并对土地利用变化的主要原因进行了探讨.研究表明:1990-2010年丹江口库区土地利用变化主要表现为灌木大量转化为林地,耕地大量转为草地、灌木、建设用地、林地和园地;库区地质地貌、降雨条件、生态建设工程、经济利益、库区工程建设、移民安置和城镇迁建以及城市化的发展是丹江口库区土地利用变化的主要驱动因素.丹江口库区土地利用变化研究为库区生态环境建设和土地可持续利用提供有效的决策支持.     

云南山地土壤垂直带信息图谱分析

地学信息图谱是一种以图形方式显示地理事物或现象空间形态结构、揭示时空变化规律的手段与方法。为了实现基础地理信息数字化,推动"数字山地"研究的开展和区域可持续发展,在地学信息图谱理论和ArcGIS软件环境支撑下,利用云南省第二次土壤普查资料、1∶25万电子地图和DEM数据等建立了云南省土壤垂直带信息图谱,实现了山地土壤垂直带的数字化显示及其与地理位置的链接。基于空间维度的土壤信息带谱显示,在纬度方向上土壤带谱滇西比滇东复杂,且长度随纬向递增;在经度方向上,热带区域的土壤垂直带谱结构相对较简单,亚热带区域的土壤垂直带谱结构、长度趋于一致,温带高原气候区的土壤垂直带谱结构最为丰富和复杂,且再次体现了相同基带上发育的土壤带组成基本相似的规律,但各区内部随经度变化规律不明显。     

福建宁化下伊锡矿地质特征及成因探讨

宁化下伊锡矿产于晚白垩世花岗斑岩内外接触带附近,受北东向、北北东向断裂控制。目前已发现锡矿体6个,各矿体呈脉状、长透镜状产出,锡石贮存于硅化、黄铁矿化、云英岩化蚀变岩中,属中-高温热液脉状型矿床。     

New Bivalved Arthropods from Mid-Cambrian Kaili Biota of Southeastern Guizhou, Southwest China

Bivalved arthropods are very important elements in Mid-Cambrian Kaili Biota.Three genera,Alicaris,Pseudoarctolepis,and Forfexicaris,are herein recorded for the first time,including three new species:Alicaris kailiensis sp.nov.,Forfexicaris reticulata sp.nov.,and Pseudoarctolepis semicircularis sp.nov.,of which Alicaris kailiensis sp.nov.could be assigned to crustaceomorphs;the other two forms are grouped as proschizoramians.These forms provide important information about the distribution and species dive...     

用于房地一体调查轻便型点云影像集成移动测量方法与试验

房地一体调查是农村土地制度改革的重要举措,为加快推进房地一体调查工作,高质量完成调查任务,本文开展了轻便型移动测量系统在农村不动产测量中的应用研究。综合应用卫星定位、惯性导航、360全景、三维激光的VSurs-Q轻便型移动测量系统采集的影像、点云等多源数据,采用Vsurs Process和Vsur Map点云处理及制图软件形成地形地籍图,以及辅助地籍调查技术流程、关键技术指标及质量评价体系。珠海市高栏港经济区房地一体调查试验区成果表明：统计界址点中误差为0.062 m,满足界址点二级精度要求;统计界址点间距误差最大0.045 m,在边长限差容许范围内。1 km²范围外业采集2—3 d,房屋分布较密集和复杂区域4—5 d,较大限度地节省了调查时间。     

Diurnal Variations of Hydrochemistry in a Travertine-depositing Stream at Baishuitai, Yunnan, SW China

Diurnal variations of hydrochemistry were monitored at a spring and two pools in a travertine-depositing stream at Baishuitai, Yunnan, SW China. Water temperature, pH and specific conductivity were measured in intervals of 5 and 30 min for periods of 1 to 2 days. From these data the concentrations of Ca²⁺, HCO₃⁻, calcite saturation index, and CO₂ partial pressure were derived. The measurements in the spring of the stream did not show any diurnal variations in the chemical composition of the water. Diurnal variations, however, were observed in the water of the two travertine pools downstream. In one of them, a rise in temperature (thus more CO₂ degassing) during day time and consumption of CO₂ due to photosynthesis of submerged aquatic plants accelerated deposition of calcite, whereas in the other pool, where aquatic plants flourished and grew out of the water (so photosynthesis was taking place in the atmosphere), the authors suggest that temperature-dependent root respiration underwater took place, which dominated until noon. Consequently, due to the release of CO₂ by the root respiration into water, which dominated CO₂ production by degassing induced by temperature increase, the increased dissolution of calcite was observed. This is the first time anywhere at least in China that the effect of root respiration on diurnal hydrochemical variations has been observed. The finding has implications for sampling strategy within travertine-depositing streams and other similar environments with stagnant water bodies such as estuaries, lakes, reservoirs, pools and wetlands, where aquatic plants may flourish and grow out of water.     

曲流河扇相模式及应用

分支河流体系的讨论有助于促进各类冲积体系的分类学研究,并可促进源—汇体系分析的定量化。博茨瓦纳的奥卡万戈（Okavango）曲流河扇是分支河流体系的典型代表,具有独特的沉积学、水文学和地貌学特征,主要特点如下：①河道形态属于单线曲流河道向下游分叉型,顺流方向产生弯度不一的分支河道网络,从顶点向下游方向,河道呈放射状,由河谷内的限制性河道变为盆地内的非限制性河道;②顺斜坡向下,河道分叉作用增强,河道的尺度和规模减小,受物源控制,无论是曲流河道还是低弯度河道,皆为砂质载荷,河道宽度、水体深度和沉积物粒度虽有系统变化但不显著,且在极低的坡度控制下,随着流量的减少,河道由曲流河逐渐变为低弯度河,河道形态转化的主要影响因素是坡度、流量、沉积物粒级和河岸强度;③根据湿地和河道分布特征,可将扇体划分为补给河谷、近源扇、中部扇和远端扇4个亚环境：补给河谷以单线曲流带和不同规模的迂回坝发育为特征,近源扇主要为泥炭限制的分支河道和河间沼泽沉积,中部扇主要为曲流河和低弯度河沉积,沼泽减少,漫滩增加,远端扇为宽浅型的非限定性河道,以沙岛林地之间的漫滩沉积为主;④沉积物主要为未固结的石英砂,主要来源于卡拉哈里盆地近代风成沉积,砂质纯净,分选和磨圆俱佳,缺乏细粒杂基,粒间细粒组分主要为生物成因的硅藻、植硅石和有机物质,亦见有方解石和二氧化硅胶结物。  对现代曲流河扇体系进行调查的重要目的就是研究地下类似沉积体系的分布。通过对我国大型含油气盆地相关“内陆三角洲”沉积特征和沉积规律的重新认识,可为油气资源的勘探开发提供预测模式。鄂尔多斯盆地山西组沉积时期,沉积作用受盆地北缘物源控制,来自北部物源的碎屑物质在宽阔的湿地平原上发育了多套分支河流沉积体系,主要为曲流河扇沉积体系。顺着沉积斜坡向下,河道的尺度和规模减小,沉积物粒度变细,煤层和暗色泥岩厚度变小,缺乏明显的三角洲前缘沉积环境及稳定的前三角洲深水相。沉积组合主要表现为分支河道砂岩、漫岸细粒沉积与湿地泥岩及薄煤层的互层,为大气田的形成奠定了沉积基础。     

太湖不同生态型湖区枝角类组成和丰度长期变化的差异性

枝角类作为淡水湖泊生态系统中的初级消费者之一,对生存环境的改变极为敏感.本文分析了太湖西、中和东部等湖区的钻孔沉积物、表层沉积物以及春夏秋季活体枝角类的组成与丰度.结果表明:活体枝角类组成以象鼻溞(Bosmina spp.)为优势种,秋季枝角类属种数量最多.太湖不同生态型湖区表层沉积物枝角类组成均以象鼻溞为优势种,其中西部与中心湖区的枝角类组成与丰度较为相似,种类单一,枝角类绝对丰度高;东部湖区枝角类属种较为丰富,绝对丰度低,优势种由浮游种象鼻溞以及沿岸种圆形盘肠溞(Chydorus sphaericus sl)和西方笔纹溞(Graptoleberis testudinaria)等种属构成.百年以来,太湖枝角类组成与丰度随着营养水平增加而改变,富营养指示种(Bosmina longirostris)丰度的增加与贫营养指示种(Bosmina longispina)丰度的下降,响应了湖区生态环境的演变过程.1970s末期,太湖西部与中心湖区在进入富营养化阶段,枝角类组成单一,象鼻溞占有绝对优势,与东部湖区相比,沿岸种、底栖种稀少.东部湖区在1960s以后,枝角类属种数量增加,但丰度下降,响应了1960s以来该区域营养水平提高、沉水植被生物量增加以及沼泽化加剧的环境过程.     

Identification of the “source” and “sink” patterns influencing non-point source pollution in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area

Non-point source pollution is one of the primarily ecological issues affecting the Three Gorges Reservoir Area. In this paper, landscape resistance and motivation coefficient, which integrated various landscape elements, such as land use, soil, hydrology, topography, and vegetation, was established based on the effects of large-scale resistance and motivation on the formation of non-point source pollution. In addition, cost models of the landscape resistance and motivation coefficients were constructed based on the distances from the landscape units to the sub-basin outlets in order to identify the “source” and “sink” patterns affecting the formation of non-point source pollution. The results indicated that the changes in the landscape resistance and motivation coefficients of the 16 sub-basins exhibited inverse relationships to their spatial distributions. The landscape resistance and motivation cost curves were more volatile than the landscape resistance and motivation coefficient curves. The landscape resistance and motivation cost trends of the 16 sub-basins became increasingly apparent along the flow of the Yangtze River. The landscape resistance and motivation cost models proposed in this paper could be used to identify large-scale non-point source pollution “source” and “sink” patterns. Moreover, the proposed model could be used to describe the large-scale spatial characteristics of non-point source pollution formation based on “source” and “sink” landscape pattern indices, spatial localization, and landscape resistance and motivation coefficients.