An Overview on Changes of Dry/Wet Pattern in China in Decadal to Centennial Warm and Cold Periods During the Past Millennium

Revealing the multi-scale variation characteristics of the drought/flood patterns for the past millennium has been a hot spot in climate change research in recent years. It has significance for understanding and predicting the temporal and spatial differences of precipitation changes in the context of future climate warming. Based on publications on the peer-reviewed journals, here, we summarized and compared the combinations between cold/warm periods and dry/wet spatial patterns at multi-scales in China over the past millennium. The main conclusions are: although there are differences in China's dry/wet patterns in different cold and warm periods for the past millennium, the ensemble mean shows that the dry/wet patterns in eastern China in decadal or centennial warm periods are approximately "dry (South China)-wet (middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River)-dry (Huanghuai Area)" from south to north, while in the relatively cold periods it mainly shows a "wet in east and dry in west" pattern. The climate changes from cold to warm usually lead to a drying trend in the Huanghuai Area, and a wetting trend in the Jiangnan area (especially the Yangtze River basin in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces). This shows that the "flood in south and drought in north" pattern in eastern China since the 1970s under the background of global warming may be a re-occurrence of the matching characteristics of cold/warm climate and dry/wet patterns in China for the past millennium. However, from the perspective of the longer-scale cold and warm stages, the dry/wet pattern in China tend to be "dry in the arid and semi-arid areas in western China; wet in southwestern, northern, and northeastern China; and dry in southeastern China" in the Medieval Climate Anomaly, and an opposite pattern shows in the Little Ice Age. It suggests that there are still uncertainties in the current climate reconstructions, and it also shows that the mechanism of dry/wet pattern responding to multi-scale temperature fluctuations might be extremely complicated.     

1766 年以来黄河中游与永定河汛期径流量的变化

利用清代志桩涨水尺寸和雨分寸记录、近现代器测水文与降雨数据等多种资料,重建/修正了永定河卢沟桥断面和黄河三门峡断面1766-2004 年的汛期径流量(m³/s),其在夏秋汛期的多年平均径流量分别为109.0 m³/s 和5121.1 m³/s。并依据多年径流量平均值±1 个标准差值得出了新的丰-枯水发生年表。小波分析显示两者具有较为明显的30~40 年周期,1920 年之后,永定河持续性的枯流使河流水量变化周期消失,黄河中游的高频周期则更加发育。两者在1780-1900 年存在20 年尺度上的变化同步性现象,而1840-1860 年代和1890-1910 年代两者出现了明显的反相位现象。从1766 年以来的情况分析,中国东部季风区进入20 世纪暖期之后,黄河中游与永定河卢沟桥以上流域的汛期降雨基本为反相关关系。     

环境演变对中华文明影响研究的进展与展望

近年来自然环境演变研究和中华文明演变研究的大量科学积累显示,中国的地理环境及其演变与中华文明的产生和发展之间存在着多样而复杂的相互影响关系。从已有的研究成果可以概括出以下认识：(1) 中华文明具有“多元一体结构”,其连续性得益于与巨大的生存空间相联系的多样的环境类型与环境演变的区域差异。(2) 尽管并非所有的暖期中华文明都繁盛,但中华文明繁盛的时期往往是各种时间尺度上的暖期。(3) 环境极端恶化事件对中华文明产生严重冲击,同时也促使文明发生重大变革,中华民族在对不利环境影响的适应过程中不断开拓创造、不断积累经验,从而促进社会的更大进步。进一步开展有关环境演变对中华文明影响的过程与机制研究,应以重大环境演变事件的识别为基础,以环境变化引起的资源变化为切入点,通过文明发展对环境演变影响的适应研究来深化对文明内涵的理解。     

MODIS BRDF/Albedo数据在中国温度模拟中的应用

地表反照率直接影响地表辐射平衡,进而改变当地温度(2 m气温,下同),然后还可能通过大气平流过程影响下游地区的温度。为揭示利用实时更新的地表反照率替换WRF (Weather Research and Forecasting) 模式的静态地表反照率对中国大陆温度模拟结果的影响,本文进行了两组为期6 年(2002-2007 年) 的连续积分试验：控制试验(CT试验) 采用短波波段地表反照率,取自WRF模式推荐的地表参数数据集;敏感试验(MD试验) 采用分波段的(可见光和近红外) 地表反照率,取自MODIS BRDF/Albedo数据产品。试验结果表明,CT试验能够模拟中国温度的基本空间格局,但是模拟温度相对于观测温度有明显偏差,青藏高原南部的模拟温度偏低(负偏差),最大偏低幅度为1.03oC,出现在秋季,东部地区的模拟温度偏高(正偏差),最大偏高幅度达3.4oC,出现在春季;MD试验模拟结果的正、负偏差格局与CT试验基本相似,但是与CT试验相比,MD试验模拟的青藏高原南部温度的负偏差更大,最大为1.32oC,而模拟的东部地区温度的正偏差明显减小,最大为2.97oC,这说明MD试验比CT试验模拟的温度普遍偏低。在青藏高原,这主要归因于MD试验比CT试验的地表反照率大,使得地表净辐射少,地表感热少,致使温度偏低;在中国东部的黄淮海至江南丘陵区,这主要归因于MD试验中北方蒙古高原的地表反照率比CT试验的大,使得MD试验中该地区的地表净辐射少,地表感热少,温度低,然后通过南下冷平流过程致使位于其下游的黄淮海至江南丘陵区温度降低。