A Fast Sweeping Scheme for Calculating P Wave First-Arrival Travel Times in Transversely Isotropic Media with an Irregular Surface

Seismic wave propagation shows anisotropic characteristics in many sedimentary rocks. Modern seismic exploration in mountainous areas makes it important to calculate P wave travel times in anisotropic media with irregular surfaces. The challenges in this context are mainly from two aspects. First is how to tackle the irregular surface in a Cartesian coordinate system, and the other lies in solving the anisotropic eikonal equation. Since for anisotropic media the ray (group) velocity direction is not the same as the direction of the travel-time gradient, the travel-time gradient no longer serves as an indicator of the group velocity direction in extrapolating the travel-time field. Recently, a topography-dependent eikonal equation formulated in a curvilinear coordinate system has been established, which is effective for calculating first-arrival travel times in an isotropic model with an irregular surface. Here, we extend the above equation from isotropy to transverse isotropy (TI) by formulating a topography-dependent eikonal equation in TI media in the curvilinear coordinate system, and then use a fast sweeping scheme to solve the topography-dependent anisotropic eikonal equation in the curvilinear coordinate system. Numerical experiments demonstrate the feasibility and accuracy of the scheme in calculating P wave travel times in TI models with an irregular surface.     

A Preliminary Discussion on the Mechanism of Abnormal Intensity Zones of the M5.1 Wen'an Earthquake in 2006

An earthquake measuring 5.1 on the Richter scale struck Wen'an county,Hebei Province on July 4,2006. No casualties have been reported,with only slight damage. The disaster level of this event is the slightest on the M4.9～5.1 events record tally since the CCDSN (China Center of Digital Seismic Network) was built in 1999. The epicenter intensity of this earthquake was low,while in areas like Beijing,which is 100km far away,abnormal high intensity zones appeared. This article discusses the reasons behind this abnormal phenomenon,with the diagrams of intensity isolines drawn by the intense seismic stations and networks in the capital circle area as references,as well as the seismogenic mechanism in the source,the seismic histories,the geological structures and the ray pathways of seismic waves in areas within 150km around the epicenter. It was concluded that the special dynamic and geological situations were the main causes for the lower intensity degree and slight damage in the epicenter area,but higher intensity in the surrounding areas.     

Constraining the anisotropy structure of the crust by joint inversion of seismic reflection travel times and wave polarizations

In the context of wide-angle seismic profiling, the determination of the physical properties of the Earth crust, such as the elastic layer depth and seismic velocity, is often performed by inversion of P- and/or S-phases propagation data supplying the geometry of the medium (reflector depths) or any other structural parameter (P- or S-wave velocity, density...). Moreover, the inversion for velocity structure and interfaces is commonly performed using only seismic reflection travel times and/or crustal phase amplitudes in isotropic media. But it is very important to utilize more available information to constrain the non-uniqueness of the solution. In this paper, we present a simultaneous inversion method of seismic reflection travel times and polarizations data of transient elastic waves in stratified media to reconstruct not only layer depth and vertical P-wave velocity but also the anisotropy feature of the crust based on the estimation of the Thomsen’s parameters. We carry out a checking with synthetic data, comparing the inversion results obtained by anisotropic travel-time inversion to the results derived by joint inversion of seismic reflection travel times and polarizations data. The comparison proves that the first procedure leads to biased anisotropic models, while the second one fits nearly the real model. This makes the joint inversion method feasible. Finally, we investigate the geometry, P-wave velocity structure and anisotropy of the crust beneath Southeastern China by applying the proposed inversion method to previously acquired wide-angle seismic data. In this case, the anisotropy signature provides clear evidence that the Jiangshan-Shaoxing fault is the natural boundary between the Yangtze and Cathaysia blocks.     

地下高压气体对汶川地震灾害的作用分析

通过对2008年5月28日汶川M8.0级地震后滑坡和堰塞湖的形成和分布特征,以及震后地下喷发物和灾害形成与分布特征的考察,结合龙门山地区侏罗纪前的海洋环境和现今龙门山前川西坳陷存在大量圈闭构造和地下3km的巨厚底层含大量异常高压天然气体这一结构特征分析,发现地下异常高压气体在地震时高速膨胀,在地下裂隙和断层等面状通道快速剪开底层涌出,造成岩体飞移、流动和扩散是产生灾害的重要因素。     

Discovery of Lorandite TlAsS2 at the Distal Au–Tl Deposit in a Skarn system, Fengshan Area, Middle–Lower Yangtze River, Eastern China

<正>Objective Thallium has been used as an indicator element in geochemical exploration of searching for hydrothermal gold deposits.However,the T1 minerals and mineralization are rare in nature.Lorandite TlAsS_2,a relatively uncommon mineral,has been dominantly discovered in some Carlin gold deposits,and minor SbHg,U and Pb-Zn-Ag deposits.It is of a hydrothermal origin and was typically formed at relatively low temperatures.The relationships between these deposits containing lorandite and intrusions remain a highly     

一种面向栅格的空间-属性双重约束聚类方法

针对栅格数据,传统聚类方法大都基于专题属性进行聚类,分裂了栅格对象的空间特性与专题属性,而兼顾空间与专题属性的现有空间聚类方法又存在算法复杂、参数设置多等问题,因此本文提出了一种面向栅格的空间-属性双重约束聚类算法（A Raster-oriented Clustering Method with Space-Attribute Constraints, RoCMSAC）。RoCMSAC利用栅格数据空间邻域和空间连通特性,重新定义栅格簇的相似性度量准则,通过属性均质簇生成,空间相邻栅格簇合并和空间邻近栅格簇合并3个步骤对栅格数据进行空间-属性双重约束聚类。利用太平洋海域海表温度栅格数据对算法的可行性以及有效性进行验证,并与现有算法进行对比分析。通过实例验证与对比发现：① RoCMSAC方法能够保证栅格簇空间域的邻近性和属性域的均质性;② RoCMSAC方法可发现复杂形状的栅格簇,且算法时间复杂度低,需输入参数较少。     

贵州省旅游气象服务的现状与发展思考

贵州旅游业近年来呈井喷式发展,旅游气象服务在其中起到重要作用。在气候变暖大背景下,极端天气逐渐增多,对旅游安全保障工作提出更高的要求;同时,人们对旅游质量要求逐渐提升,有必要丰富旅游气象服务产品,提升游客的旅游满意度。为此,该文梳理了贵州近年来在旅游气象服务方面开展的工作,总结其中的不足,结合当前贵州十四五发展规划,从“防灾减灾”和“助推地方经济”两方面提出了旅游气象业务的发展设想,以期为旅游气象服务工作的开展提供思路和参考。     

塔里木盆地哈拉哈塘地区构造演化及其油气地质意义

哈拉哈塘地区是近年塔里木盆地油气增储上产最重要的地区,开展该区构造演化研究对油气勘探开发具有重要的意义。本文利用哈拉哈塘地区新采集的三维地震资料和钻井资料,通过不整合面分析和平衡剖面恢复技术对研究区构造演化进行了分析,通过地震层拉平恢复了关键目的层中-下奥陶统碳酸盐岩顶面在不同时期的古构造形态。在此基础上,探讨了研究区构造演化对油气藏的控制作用。结果表明：哈拉哈塘地区经历6 个构造演化阶段：早加里东期稳定碳酸盐岩台地阶段、中-晚加里东期南倾斜坡、早海西期西倾斜坡、晚海西-印支期被动凹陷期、燕山-早喜山期稳定沉降期、晚喜山期-现今构造反转定型期。哈拉哈塘地区中-下奥陶统碳酸盐岩顶面从中加里东期开始,长期保持北高南低的斜坡形态,整体构造格局变化不大,只是构造轴线方向、构造高点稍有变化。晚喜山期以来,研究区发生构造反转,中-下奥陶统碳酸盐岩顶面成为西倾鼻状构造。哈拉哈塘地区构造演化控制了奥陶系岩溶储层的发育与油气的富集。中-晚加里东期古构造控制了奥陶系岩溶储层的发育,晚海西期古构造高部位与现今构造高部位叠合区控制了油气富集。     

塔里木盆地碳酸盐岩走滑断层破碎带宽度—高差相关性分析

断层破碎带的宽度—位移关系对断层发育机制研究与致密储层的勘探开发具有重要意义。露头研究一般认为断层破碎带的宽度与位移呈幂律关系,但往往难以获得地下走滑断层破碎带的宽度与位移数据。在走滑断裂精细解析基础上,结合断层破碎带的井—震响应分析,通过塔里木盆地塔中、塔北地区10条走滑断裂带三维地震资料测量断层破碎带的宽度与高差,研究断层破碎带宽度与高差的分布及其相关关系,探讨碳酸盐岩断层破碎带的分布规律。结果表明：① 塔里木盆地寒武—奥陶系碳酸盐岩断层破碎带发育,破碎带宽度达3000 m,一般在100~700 m,不同地区与不同岩性碳酸盐岩断层破碎带具有相似的宽度分布范围;② 碳酸盐岩断层破碎带的宽度与高差具有较好的正相关性,断层破碎带宽度/高差比值高达70,一般在3~16,回归分析同一条断层的破碎带宽度是高差的4~12倍;③ 大多碳酸盐岩断层破碎带的宽度与位移以幂律关系继承性发育,但其中部分快速生长,而另一部分减速生长,并造成数据的分散性。结果揭示：① 断层破碎带的宽度与高差相关性分析的方法可以用来预测碳酸盐岩断层破碎带的分布;② 即便在相同的构造背景与岩性条件下,同一条断层破碎带的宽度与位移也可能不是简单的线性或幂律关系,而是呈现多趋势或多阶段的分布规律。     

云南昆明盆地中更新世晚期以来的孢粉记录及古气候演化

通过“昆明市活断层探测与地震危险性评价”项目获得了昆明盆地的东西两侧各一个钻孔的孢粉资料和测年数据,对比分析了昆明盆地自中更新世晚期以来的植被演替和古气候演化。研究表明,沉积环境对孢粉记录有重要的影响作用。近200 ka BP以来,昆明盆地总体经历了温凉偏干（201~180 ka BP）—温和偏干（180~132 ka BP）—温暖偏干（132~89 ka BP）—温和偏湿（89~75 ka BP）—温暖湿润（75~38 ka BP）—温凉偏湿（38~22 ka BP）—温暖偏干（22~6 ka BP）的气候变化。从区域和全球对比上来看,昆明盆地与滇中和滇西地区的气候变化较为一致,同时又有自身的一些特点。