短寿命气候强迫因子的自然源排放及气候反馈:IPCC AR6解读

短寿命气候强迫因子(Short-lived Climate Forcers,SLCFs)对大气污染和气候变化具有重要影响,政府间气候变化专门委员会(IPCC,2021)第六次评估报告(AR6)首次专门设立了关于SLCFs的独立章节,除了对人为源SLCFs评估以外,报告也包含了对于自然源SLCFs及其气候反馈的评估。特别地,在未来气候变暖和人为SLCFs持续减排的背景下,加深对SLCFs的自然源排放及其气候反馈的认识将更为重要。本文从自然源SLCFs排放评估、历史和未来气候情景下的排放变化、SLCFs的气候反馈几个方面解读了AR6中有关的最新结论。未来气候变暖情形下,闪电源NO_x、植被源BVOCs、生物质燃烧排放将会增加,土壤源NO_x、沙尘、海盐颗粒物和二甲基硫(Dimethlysulfide,DMS)对于气候变化的敏感性难以定量。同时,气候变化驱动着SLCFs的排放量、大气含量或寿命的改变,这些过程整体上造成的负反馈参数为-0.20 W/m²/℃(-0.41～+0.01 W/m²/℃),可能从一定程度上缓解气候变暖。     

青藏高原东部高寒草甸区放牧家畜粪花粉组合特征及其环境指示意义

青藏高原是我国重要的高寒草甸分布区和畜牧区,畜牧活动对区域植被和生态的影响作用受到众多学者的广泛关注.通过采集青藏高原东部高寒草甸区共49个放牧家畜粪样品(牦牛粪样品30个、马粪样品11个、羊粪样品8个),并在区域植被调查的基础上,对粪样品开展了花粉分析.结果 表明:这3种类型的粪样品花粉组合以莎草科(Cyperace...     

Karlodinium elegans sp. nov. (Gymnodiniales,Dinophyceae), a novel species isolated from the East China Sea in a dinofl agellate bloom

Abstract On May 24–29,2019,a harmful algal bloom occurred in Pingtan coastal areas,Fujian,southeast China,and caused mass mortality of cage-cultured fi sh.Two clonal cultures of an unknown naked dinofl agellate were set up from seawater samples taken during the bloom.The cultures were examined for morphological features,ultrastructure characters,photosynthetic pigments,the large subunit(LSU)of the rRNA gene,and the internal transcribed spacer(ITS)sequences,as well as acute toxicity analysis.The cell was unarmored,small-sized,and ovoid,and was characterized by elaborate striations on the epicone and hypocone.The nucleus was large,ellipsoid to oval or kidney-shaped,and centrally located in the cell.A long linear apical groove originated above the sulcus in the ventral epicone and extended to the dorsal side.An elongate,slit-like“ventral pore”was located on the left of the epicone,well away from the apical groove.The chloroplasts were yellowish brown,numerous,band like,and irregularly distributed in the cell periphery.Fucoxanthin was the main accessory pigment composition.Phylogeny topology reconstructed on partial LSU rDNA showed that the unknown dinofl agellate branched as a sister species to Karlodinium sp.(strain IFR981&IFR797,from France)and Karlodinium corrugatum(strain KDGSO08,from Australia),with genetic divergences of 0.6%and 3.3%,respectively.Based on the morphological and molecular phylogenetic analysis,we describe the novel dinofl agellate as Karlodinium elegans sp.nov.A toxicity assay revealed that the clonal culture of K.elegans(strain PTB601)had no adverse eff ect on brine shrimp(Artemia salina)and marine medaka(Oryzias melastigma),indicating it may not be a toxic species.     

Characterization of field scale soil variability using remotely and proximally sensed data and response surface method

Soil salinization of the reclaimed tidelands is problematic. Therefore, there is a need to characterize the spatial variability of soil salinity associated with soil moisture and other soil properties across the reclaimed tidelands. One approach is the use of easily-acquired ancillary data as surrogates for the arduous conventional soil sampling. In a reclaimed coastal tideland in the south of Hangzhou Gulf, backscattering coefficient (σ⁰) from remotely sensed ALOS/PALSAR radar imagery (HH polarization mode) and apparent soil electrical conductivity (ECa) from a proximally sensed EM38 were used to indicate the spatial distribution of soil moisture and salinity, respectively. After that, response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to determine an optimal set of 12 soil samples using spatially referenced σ⁰ and ECa data. Spatial distributions of three soil chemical properties [i.e. soil organic matter (SOM), available nitrogen (AN), and available potassium (AK)] were predicted using inverse distance weighted method based on the 12 samples and were then compared with the predictions generated using 42 samples obtained from a conventional grid sampling scheme. It was concluded that combination of radar imagery and EM induction data can delineate the spatial variability of two key soil properties (i.e. moisture and salinity) across the study area. Besides, RSM-based sampling using radar imagery and EM induction data was highly effective in characterizing the spatial variability of SOM, AN and AK, compared with the conventional grid sampling. This new approach may be used to assist site specific management in precision agriculture.     

Modeling Coastal Salinity in Quasi 2D and 3D Using a DUALEM‐421 and Inversion Software

Rising sea levels, owing to climate change, are a threat to fresh water coastal aquifers. This is because saline intrusions are caused by increases and intensification of medium‐large scale influences including sea level rise, wave climate, tidal cycles, and shifts in beach morphology. Methods are therefore required to understand the dynamics of these interactions. While traditional borehole and galvanic contact resistivity (GCR) techniques have been successful they are time‐consuming. Alternatively, frequency‐domain electromagnetic (FEM) induction is potentially useful as physical contact with the ground is not required. A DUALEM‐421 and EM4Soil inversion software package are used to develop a quasi two‐ (2D) and quasi three‐dimensional (3D) electromagnetic conductivity images (EMCI) across Long Reef Beach located north of Sydney Harbour, New South Wales, Australia. The quasi 2D models discern: the dry sand (<10 mS/m) associated with the incipient dune; sand with fresh water (10 to 20 mS/m); mixing of fresh and saline water (20 to 500 mS/m), and; saline sand of varying moisture (more than 500 mS/m). The quasi 3D EMCIs generated for low and high tides suggest that daily tidal cycles do not have a significant effect on local groundwater salinity. Instead, the saline intrusion is most likely influenced by medium‐large scale drivers including local wave climate and morphology along this wave‐dominated beach. Further research is required to elucidate the influence of spring‐neap tidal cycles, contrasting beach morphological states and sea level rise.     

DEM支持下的梅雨区雨量站网规划研究

雨量站网是水文站网整体功能中极其重要的一个组成部分,雨量资料的准确性和代表性,将直接影响洪水预报的精度,科学地规划和优化雨量站网,使雨量资料最大程度地反映流域的实际降雨情况,可以大大提高洪水预报系统的精度。根据水文技术发展的现状,采用抽站法,基于GIS技术,加入地形、气象等下垫面因素综合考虑,对梅雨地区雨量站网进行优化研究。     

A re-investigation of the bloom-forming unarmored dinoflagellate Karenia longicanalis (syn. Karenia umbella ) from Chinese coastal waters

The dinoflagellate genus K arenia is known for recurrent harmful blooms worldwide. However, species diversity of the genus is generally overlooked owing to the difficulty of identifying small unarmored dinoflagellates. We have established four clonal cultures of K arenia longicanalis isolated from the type locality, Hong Kong harbor(strain HK01) and other three locations along the Chinese coasts(strains YB01, DT01, and NJ01). The morphology of the strain was studied by light and scanning electron microscopy(LM and SEM) and the pigment composition analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. We provide the first molecular data of K. longicanalis based on the large subunit(LSU) rRNA gene sequence and internal transcribed spacer(ITS). The four strains showed identical LSU rDNA sequences with a similarity of 99.4% to the holotype of K arenia umbella(strain KUTN05) from Australia. In the ITS phylogeny, the sequence of K. umbella branched between the Chinese strains of K. longicanalis. A careful comparison of the morphology of K. longicanalis and K. umbella reveals the similarity in the diagnostic characters. Diff erences may appear due to the sample treatment for SEM. We conclude that K. umbella is a junior synonym of K. longicanalis.     

焊接所致力学性能不均匀性对卷管法安装管道完整性影响

管道由于热加工影响,其焊缝处及邻域的热影响区管段材料性能将与其余管段存在差异,即管道存在力学性能不均匀性。分别采用各向同性硬化材料模型与Ramberg-Osgood材料模型,应用ABAQUS仿真模拟卷管过程,并对仿真结果进行对比,表明使用Ramberg-Osgood材料模型能够更真实地模拟管道的力学行为,获得更接近真实值的管道力学响应。基于此模型采用控制度量法研究力学性能不均匀性的影响。研究表明:管道力学性能不均匀性水平越高,对管道结构完整性造成的不良影响也越大。     

中国可持续减贫的发展地理学研究

中国2020年减贫转向后相对贫困将贯穿于现代化全过程,减贫的可持续性面临着巨大挑战。论文在梳理中国贫困地理研究的基础上,从发展地理学视角阐述了可持续减贫的内涵、尺度分析模式、对象划分、评价监测,以及路径设计和发展干预。主要结论为：① 可持续减贫是在建立家庭和地方发展潜力与动力基础上的持续减少贫困,并缩小发展差距的思想和实践范式;② 可持续减贫结合自下而上和自上而下尺度分析模式,研究减贫的尺度转换过程,反映减贫要素和决策实施在空间的尺度解构和重构;③ 可持续减贫对象分为绝对贫困家庭、相对贫困家庭、相对贫困村、相对贫困乡(镇)和相对贫困县,并提出了绝对贫困线和相对贫困线标准;④ 运用“五维地理资本指数”和欧氏空间距离,分析县域可持续减贫成效与区域收敛性;⑤ 可持续减贫通过地方化、区域化和全球化空间整合,推动区域贫困治理由传统模式向高质量发展转型;⑥ 可持续减贫突出以地方为主的“内源—外源”融合的发展干预。