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881.
The surface nuclear magnetic resonance (SNMR) method is widely used in groundwater detection because of its sensitivity to hydrogen in water and direct water detection. However, low signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) restrict the development of this technique. An optimum pulse sequence is designed according to correspondence between the pulse moment strength and its best detection depth. Because only selection of the pulse intensity distribution according to the target aquifer depth is required and the “on-resonance” pulse pattern is still employed, this pulse sequence emission can be easily achieved using existing SNMR instrumentation. Numerical simulation results and field experiments show that, compared with traditional exponential growth pulses, the optimum pulse sequence effectively improves the SNR of the SNMR method. The aquifer boundary, water content, and pore characteristics of the inversion result are thus more consistent with characteristics of underground structures. Additionally, because the optimum pulse sequence focuses most of the pulse moments in the target depth range, in situations where two aquifers are separated by a relatively narrow aquitard, it is better able to resolve the individual aquifers than the traditional pulses. Optimum pulse moments improve the SNR by enhancing the signal amplitude, compared with various filtering methods, and obtain a better detection effect. This kind of pulse sequence can be used as an alternative pulse sequence form of the SNMR method. 相似文献
882.
Jianhui Wei Ningpeng Dong Benjamin Fersch Joël Arnault Sven Wagner Patrick Laux Zhenyu Zhang Qianya Yang Chuanguo Yang Shasha Shang Lu Gao Zhongbo Yu Harald Kunstmann 《水文研究》2021,35(8):e14341
The regional terrestrial water cycle is strongly altered by human activities. Among them, reservoir regulation is a way to spatially and temporally allocate water resources in a basin for multi-purposes. However, it is still not sufficiently understood how reservoir regulation modifies the regional terrestrial- and subsequently, the atmospheric water cycle. To address this question, the representation of reservoir regulation into the terrestrial component of fully coupled regional Earth system models is required. In this study, an existing process-based reservoir network module is implemented into NOAH-HMS, that is, the terrestrial component of an atmospheric–hydrologic modelling system, namely, the WRF-HMS. It allows to quantitatively differentiate role of reservoir regulation and of groundwater feedback in a simulated ground-soil-vegetation continuum. Our study focuses on the Poyang Lake basin, where the largest freshwater lake of China and reservoirs of different sizes are located. As compared to streamflow observations, the newly extended NOAH-HMS slightly improves the streamflow and streamflow duration curves simulation for the Poyang Lake basin for the period 1979–1986. The inclusion of reservoir regulation leads to major changes in the simulated groundwater recharges and evaporation from reservoirs at local scale, but has minor effects on the simulated soil moisture and surface runoff at basin scale. The performed groundwater feedback sensitivity analysis shows that the strength of the groundwater feedback is not altered by the consideration of reservoir regulation. Furthermore, both reservoir regulation and groundwater feedback modify the partitioning of the simulated evapotranspiration, thus affecting the atmospheric water cycle in the Poyang Lake region. This finding motivates future research with our extended fully coupled atmospheric–hydrologic modelling system by the community. 相似文献
883.
许多研究已经表明,类胡萝卜素是分布最广泛、最重要的一类光辅助合成色素。类胡萝卜素具有多种生物学功能:作为化学保护剂可抵抗由植物自身叶绿素的光敏氧化作用引起的有害作用,给人体补充β-胡萝卜素可有效降低心血管疾病和癌症的发生概率,高摄入富含类胡萝卜素的饮食和降低白内障发生的危险之间有重要联系(Bendich,1993)。海藻中含有丰富的类胡萝卜素,从结构类型说,通常可以分为三类:胡萝卜素、叶黄素和类胡萝卜素酸。海藻中还含有多种特有的类胡萝卜素,如褐藻黄素、甲藻黄素、硅藻黄素等。直到目前为止,海藻中类胡萝卜素的组成与生理学功能尚没有明确的结论,因而对我国丰富的海藻资源中的类胡萝卜素进行较为系统和全面的化学及生物活性研究已成为摆在我们面前的一个重要课题。本研究选取我国青岛海滨三类大型经济海藻——红、绿、褐藻中资源量丰富的代表性种类作为实验材料,较系统地测定了其中类胡萝卜素的含量,并运用经典的柱层析法对各类胡萝卜素组分进行了分离,通过薄层分析和可见光谱扫描对各分离组分进行了定性、定量分析。 相似文献
884.
885.
Thomas N. Woods Phillip C. Chamberlin W. K. Peterson R. R. Meier Phil G. Richards Douglas J. Strickland Gang Lu Liying Qian Stanley C. Solomon B. A. Iijima A. J. Mannucci B. T. Tsurutani 《Solar physics》2008,250(2):235-267
Solar soft X-ray (XUV) radiation is highly variable on all time scales and strongly affects Earth’s ionosphere and upper atmosphere;
consequently, the solar XUV irradiance is important for atmospheric studies and for space weather applications. Although there
have been several recent measurements of the solar XUV irradiance, detailed understanding of the solar XUV irradiance, especially
its variability during flares, has been hampered by the broad bands measured in the XUV range. In particular, the simple conversion
of the XUV photometer signal into irradiance, in which a static solar spectrum is assumed, overestimates the flare variations
by more than a factor of two as compared to the atmospheric response to the flares. To address this deficiency in the simple
conversion, an improved algorithm using CHIANTI spectral models has been developed to process the XUV Photometer System (XPS)
measurements with its broadband photometers. Model spectra representative of quiet Sun, active region, and flares are combined
to match the signals from the XPS and produce spectra from 0.1 to 40 nm in 0.1-nm intervals for the XPS Level 4 data product.
The two XPS instruments are aboard NASA’s Solar Radiation and Climate Experiment (SORCE) and Thermosphere, Ionosphere, Mesosphere, Energetics, and Dynamics (TIMED) satellites. In addition, the XPS responsivities have been updated for the latest XPS data processing version. The
new XPS results are consistent with daily variations from the previous simple conversion technique used for XPS and are also
consistent with spectral measurements made at wavelengths longer than 27 nm. Most importantly, the XPS flare variations are
reduced by factors of 2 – 4 at wavelengths shorter than 14 nm and are more consistent, for the first time, with atmospheric
response to solar flares. Along with the details of the new XPS algorithm, several comparisons to dayglow and photoelectron
measurements and model results are also presented to help verify the accuracy of the new XUV irradiance spectra. 相似文献
886.
We present high spatial resolution X-ray spectroscopy of the supernova remnant Cassiopeia A with the Chandra observations. The X-ray emitting region of this remnant was divided into 38 × 34 pixels of 10″× 10″ each. Spectra of 960 pixels were created and fitted with an absorbed two component non-equilibrium ionization model. From the results of the spectral analysis we obtained maps of absorbing column density, temperatures, ionization ages, and the abundances of Ne, Mg, Si, S, Ca and Fe. The Si, S and possibly Ca abundance maps show obvious jet structures, while Fe does not follow the jet but seems to be distributed perpendicular to it. The abundances of Si, S and Ca show tight correlations between one another over a range of about two dex. This suggests that they are ejecta from explosive Oburning and incomplete Si-buming. Meanwhile, the Ne abundance is well correlated with that of Mg, indicating them to be the ashes of explosive C/Ne burning. The Fe abundance is positively correlated with that of Si when the latter is lower than 3 times the solar value, and is negatively correlated when higher. We suggest that such a two phase correlation is due to the different ways in which Fe was synthesized. 相似文献
887.
Wei-Kang Zheng Jin-Song Deng Meng Zhai Li-Ping Xin Yu-Lei Qiu Jing Wang Xiao-Meng Lu Jian-Yan Wei Jing-Yao Hu 《中国天文和天体物理学报》2008,8(6)
A gamma-ray burst (GRB) optical photometric follow-up system at the Xinglong Observatory of National Astronomical Observatories of China (NAOC) has been constructed. It uses the 0.8-m Tsinghua-NAOC Telescope (TNT) and the 1-m EST telescope, and can au-tomatically respond to GRB Coordinates Network (GCN) alerts. Both telescopes slew rela-tively fast, being able to point to a new target field within ~ 1 min upon a request. Whenever available, the 2.16-m NAOC telescope is also used. In 2006 the system responded to 15 GRBs and detected seven early afterglows. In 2007 six GRBs have been detected among 18 follow-up observations. TNT observations of the second most distant GRB 060927 (z = 5.5) are shown, which started as early as 91 s after the GRB trigger. The afterglow was detected in the combined image of the first 19 × 20 s unfiltered exposures. This GRB follow-up system has joined the East-Asia GRB Follow-up Observation Network (EAFON). 相似文献
888.
水资源全成本定价问题 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
随着经济的发展,人们对水资源的需求越来越多,水资源的天然供给与人类需求的矛盾越来越突出。在我国一些地区水资源不足已成为制约经济发展的一个主要瓶颈。但是一方面是水资源的不足,一方面又存在水资源的大量浪费,因此,合理配置水资源的使用已成为当务之急。配置资源的方式有2种,一种是计划手段,一种是经济手段,水资源的合理配置应将2种方法结合使用。文章依据马克思的劳动价值论,对水资源全成本定价方法进行了探讨。 相似文献
889.
Natural Hazards - Regional risk to natural disasters is a critical multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) problem in the literature due to the complicated and usually conflicting evaluation index... 相似文献
890.