Understanding the dynamical-microphysical-electrical processes associated with severe thunderstorms over the Beijing metropolitan region

The Dynamical-microphysical-electrical Processes in Severe Thunderstorms and Lightning Hazards(STORM973)project conducted coordinated comprehensive field observations of thunderstorms in the Beijing metropolitan region(BMR)during the warm season from 2014 to 2018.The aim of the project was to understand how dynamical,microphysical and electrical processes interact in severe thunderstorms in the BMR,and how to assimilate lightning data in numerical weather prediction models to improve severe thunderstorm forecasts.The platforms used in the field campaign included the Beijing Lightning Network(BLNET,consisting of 16 stations),2 X-band dual linear polarimetric Doppler radars,and 4 laser raindrop spectrometers.The collaboration also made use of the China Meteorological Administration’s mesoscale meteorological observation network in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region.Although diverse thunderstorm types were documented,it was found that squall lines and multicell storms were the two major categories of severe thunderstorms with frequent lightning activity and extreme rainfall or unexpected local short-duration heavy rainfall resulting in inundations in the central urban area,influenced by the terrain and environmental conditions.The flash density maximums were found in eastern Changping District,central and eastern Shunyi District,and the central urban area of Beijing,suggesting that the urban heat island effect has a crucial role in the intensification of thunderstorms over Beijing.In addition,the flash rate associated with super thunderstorms can reach hundreds of flashes per minute in the central city regions.The super(5%of the total),strong(35%),and weak(60%)thunderstorms contributed about 37%,56%,and 7%to the total flashes in the BMR,respectively.Owing to the close connection between lightning activity and the thermodynamic and microphysical characteristics of the thunderstorms,the lightning flash rate can be used as an indicator of severe weather events,such as hail and short-duration heavy rainfall.Lightning data can also be assimilated into numerical weather prediction models to help improve the forecasting of severe convection and precipitation at the cloud-resolved scale,through adjusting or correcting the thermodynamic and microphysical parameters of the model.     

自动气象站的网络化构想

本文是针对气象服务社会的这个宗旨,在自动气象站正式运行之后,应用路由器、交换机、微机ADSL宽带网络等通信设备和通信方式,对气象数据进行网络化管理和使用,提高气象信息的使用率。     

基于气象站资料的中国地区太阳日辐射量算法研究

现行计算水平面太阳日辐射主要有两种方式:一种是利用影响辐射的相关要素建立模型,另一种是依据实测资料进行空间插值.但后一种方法若要保证精度则需有足够多的样本.针对上述问题,利用我国不同区域67个站点的数据,在VP-RAD模型的基础上,建立了一个适用于中国地区的逐日太阳辐射算法CNR,该算法仅需要输入站点基本信息、最高最低温度和降水量.模拟结果与实际观测结果比较吻合.     

Parsivel(R)激光降水粒子谱仪及其在气象领域的应用

降水粒子特性是大气运动和云内微物理过程的综合结果,在云降水物理及人工影响天气领域有着重要的意义.传统的测量方法不适合对大量数据分析寻找规律,德国OTT公司的Parsivel(R)激光降水粒子谱测量系统可以较好解决自动测量难题.该仪器是以激光测量为基础的粒子测量传感器,采用平行激光束和光电管阵列结合,当有降水粒子穿越采样空间时,自动记录遮挡物的宽度,通过穿越时间计算降水粒子的尺度和速度,根据各种参数的综合信息对降水粒子进行分类,并能够以数字形式显示瞬时降水强度、降水粒子总数、累积降水量、降水时的能见度和雷达反射因子,以图形方式显示降水粒子尺度谱、速度谱、降水粒子分类且自动生成天气现象代码,实现天气现象的自动识别.激光降水粒子谱仪主要用于气象水文观测.在雷达气象学领域可用于Z/R关系的拟合修正,比传统的用雨量筒观测数据拟合效果好得多;由降水粒子谱仪测量雨滴的降落速度,可以对天气雷达垂直向上测量的粒子径向速度谱进行校正.人工影响天气的效果检验一直是一个难题,自然降水粒子谱分布形式与人工催化以后的降水粒子谱型理论上应当具有较大的差别,人工增雨作业降水滴谱变化物理响应和降水强度时间变化响应都有明显的区别.如果能够实时检测到这些差别,就能够充分说明人工催化的有效性.未来如果能够进行联网观测记录区域性降水、降雹,就有充分证据表明人影作业的有效性,在定量化作业效果评估以及灾害损失评估等方面应用潜力巨大.利用该仪器已经对一年的自然降水过程进行了连续观测,并将所获得的降水粒子谱、雨滴浓度值随时间变化状况与卫星反演的云顶有效粒子半径时间变化趋势进行了对比,发现有较好的一致性.     

Pristine or altered: low-Mg calcite shells survived from massive dolomitization? A case study from Miocene carbonates

Low-Mg calcite shells have been widely used to reconstruct the chemistry of ancient seawater. There is always a question: are the shells chemically pristine? This paper presents the isotope and elemental geochemistry of low-Mg calcite bivalve shells in late Miocene platform carbonates, SE Spain. The platform carbonates were extensively dolomitized, and limestone is restricted to older stratal units, and to units mainly in topographically higher and more landward strata. Low-Mg calcite oyster shells were completely dissolved out in the basinward dolomite, but are well preserved in the limestone. These shells appear to retain the original growth microstructures, based on hand samples. Under the microscope, however, dissolution and recrystallization, as well as pristine growth lines are all present. Sr isotopes in these shells range from that of normal Miocene seawater to radiogenic values. δ¹⁸O and δ¹³C values, and Mg, Sr, and Na concentrations in these shells are rather variable. The high end members are consistent with the typical values of modern/late Miocene normal-seawater low-Mg calcite shells, whereas the low end members are close to those of diagenetic calcite cements, which have low δ¹⁸O, δ¹³C, Sr and Na values, and radiogenic Sr. The Nijar shells were altered physically and chemically to different degrees by diagenesis, although these shells are consistent with some “criteria” of unalteration. The isotopic and trace-element data collected in altered and pristine (or less altered) portions coexisting in the same shells are clearly differentiable. Quantitative simulation of covariations of geochemical pairs indicates that solid mixing of unaltered and altered portions by sampling is consistent with the variations in isotopic and elemental data recorded in the Nijar shells. The geological significance of this study is that ancient fabric-retentive calcite shells may have been altered geochemically although they may appear pristine. Calcite shells that underwent intensive diagenesis should be examined rigorously under the microscope, coupled with investigations of multiple geochemical proxies to assess chemical alteration. Only the data of unaltered shells can be used to reconstruct the chemistry of ancient seawater.     

Dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and its carbon isotopic composition in sediment pore waters from the Shenhu area,northern South China Sea

The Shenhu area is one of the most favorable places for the occurrence of gas hydrates in the northern continental slope of the South China Sea. Pore water samples were collected in two piston cores (SH-A and SH-B) from this area, and the concentrations of sulfate and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and its carbon isotopic composition were measured. The data revealed large DIC variations and very negative δ ¹³C-DIC values. Two reaction zones, 0–3 mbsf and below 3 mbsf, are identified in the sediment system. At site SH-A, the upper zone (0–3 mbsf) shows relatively constant sulfate and DIC concentrations and δ ¹³C-DIC values, possibly due to bioturbation and fluid advection. The lower zone (below 3 mbsf) displays good linear gradients for sulfate and DIC concentrations, and δ ¹³C-DIC values. At site SH-B, both zones show linear gradients, but the decreasing gradients for δ ¹³C-DIC and SO₄ ²⁻ in the lower zone below 3 mbsf are greater than those from the upper zone, 0–3 mbsf. The calculated sulfate-methane interface (SMI) depths of the two cores are 10.0 m and 11.1 m, respectively. The depth profiles of both DIC and δ ¹³C-DIC showed similar characteristics as those in other gas hydrate locations in the world oceans, such as the Blake Ridge. Overall, our results indicate an anaerobic methane oxidation (AMO) process in the sediments with large methane flux from depth in the studied area, which might be linked to the formation of gas hydrates in this area.     

Geochemistry of pore waters from the Xisha Trough, northern South China Sea and their implications for gas hydrates

This paper reports all available geochemical data on sediments and pore waters from the Xisha Trough on the northern continental margin of the South China Sea. The methane concentrations in marine sediments display a downhole increasing trend and their carbon isotopic compositions (δ ¹³C = −25 to −51‰) indicate a thermogenic origin. Pore water Cl⁻ concentrations show a range from 537 to 730 mM, and the high Cl⁻ samples also have higher concentrations of Br⁻, Na⁺, K⁺, and Mg²⁺, implying mixing between normal seawater and brine in the basin. The SO₄ ²⁻ concentrations of pore waters vary from 19.9 to 36.8 mM, and show a downhole decreasing trend. Calculated SMI (sulfate-methane interfaces) depths and sulfate gradients are between 21 and 47 mbsf, and between −0.7 and −1.7 mM/m, respectively, which are similar to values in gas hydrate locations worldwide and suggest a high methane flux in the basin. Overall, the geochemical data, together with geological and geophysical evidence, such as the high sedimentation rates, high organic carbon contents, thick sediment piles, salt and mud diapirs, active faulting, abundant thermogenic gases, and occurrence of huge bottom simulating reflector (BSR), are suggestive of a favorable condition for occurrence of gas hydrates in this region.     

南麂列岛大沙岙沙滩贝类的时空分布

南麂列岛作为观光旅游的休闲去处正在日益升温,其中沙滩游玩是最大的活动亮点,大沙岙是南麂列岛最具代表性的沙滩,沙滩内生活着较多贝类,随大量人员的涌入和沿岸环境污染的日趋加重,大沙岙沙滩贝类的栖息地环境受到了较大程度的危害、人为活动正影响着贝类的生长发育。为探明近年来大沙岙贝类种类、数量及群落结构的变化,在南麂列岛国家海洋自然保护区建立初期(1992年)生态调查的基础上,于2003年再次对大沙岙贝类进行了采样分析,结果表明:大沙岙沙滩12种贝类的平均生物量和栖息密度分别为30.16g/m2和20个/m2,北断面开放区贝类的平均生物量和栖息密度(13.98g/m2和11个/m2)明显少于受监控的南断面核心区(46.33g/m2和30个/m2),贝类的平均生物量和栖息密度的垂直分布低潮区(48.43g/m2和31个/m2)高于中潮区(28.03g/m2和20个/m2),贝类的平均栖息密度7月高于3月,北断面贝类的季节变化、多样性和均匀度指数大于南断面。与建区初期同季调查资料比对发现,2003年北断面贝类数量下降幅度(14倍)显著大于南断面贝类下降幅度(1倍)。分析认为,自然环境变化和人为采捕是影响沙滩贝类数量下降的主要外部因子。     

Cr^3＋在改善三元复合驱中的作用实验研究

在三元复合驱矿场应用实践中,由于三元复合体系自身流度控制能力的局限性,必须通过聚合物凝胶前置段塞来改善吸液剖面,这就涉及到聚合物凝胶与三元复合体系的配伍性。通过向三元复合体系中加入有机铬,考察Cr^3＋对三元复合体系黏度、界面张力和阻力系数等性能影响,进而对Cr^3＋聚合物凝胶与三元复合体系配伍性以及Cr^3＋在改善三元复合体系性能方面的作用做出评价。结果表明,Cr^3＋的加入对三元复合体系黏度和界面张力影响不大,但阻力系数和残余阻力系数却明显增加。当采用Cr^3＋聚合物凝胶作为前置段塞或采用添加Cr^3＋的三元复合体系进行复合驱油实验时,其采收率增加幅度都要高于普通三元复合驱。这不仅显示出Cr^3＋聚合物凝胶与三元复合体系间良好的配伍性,而且为改善三元复合驱增油效果提供了新的途径。