黑龙江省≥10℃积温时空变化特征

积温是作物种植界限的重要参考依据, 分析其变化特征可为农业气候区划、合理种植农作物等提供科学依据. 基于黑龙江省62个气象站点1961-2014年的逐日平均气温资料和地理信息数据, 采用多种气候统计方法, 建立多元线性回归模型, 分析了近54年来黑龙江省≥10℃积温的时空变化特征.结果表明: 1961年以来, 黑龙江省≥10℃积温初日明显提前, 终日显著推迟, 持续日数增加,≥10℃ 积温显著上升, 在1994年发生突变;≥10℃积温随着纬度的增加逐渐降低, 随海拔的升高而减少, 低于1 900℃积温区域所占面积有逐年减少的趋势, 2 700℃以上积温区域所占面积呈显著增加趋势; 随着黑龙江省积温的增加, 积温带明显向北、向东移动, 第一和第二积温带面积显著增加, 第六积温带面积显著缩小.     

Stress relaxation of grouted entirely large diameter B-GFRP soil nail

One of the potential solutions to steel-corrosion-related problems is the usage of fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) as a replacement of steel bars. In the past few decades, researchers have conducted a large number of experimental and theoretical studies on the behavior of small size glass fiber reinforce polymer (GFRP) bars (diameter smaller than 20 mm). However, the behavior of large size GFRP bar is still not well understood. Particularly, few studies were conducted on the stress relaxation of grouted entirely large diameter GFRP soil nail. This paper investigates the effect of stress levels on the relaxation behavior of GFRP soil nail under sustained deformation ranging from 30% to 60% of its ultimate strain. In order to study the behavior of stress relaxation, two B-GFRP soil nail element specimens were developed and instrumented with fiber Bragg grating (FBG) strain sensors which were used to measure strains along the B-GFRP bars. The test results reveal that the behavior of stress relaxation of B-GFRP soil nail element subjected to pre-stress is significantly related to the elapsed time and the initial stress of relaxation procedure. The newly proposed model for evaluating stress relaxation ratio can substantially reflect the influences of the nature of B-GFRP bar and the property of grip body. The strain on the nail body can be redistributed automatically. Modulus reduction is not the single reason for the stress degradation.     

Synthesis,characterization, and antioxidant activity of carboxymethyl chitosan derivatives containing sulfonium salt

To improve the solubility and bioactivity of chitosan, a new class of carboxymethyl chitosan derivatives possessing sulfonium salts was successfully designed an...     

中国中生代矿床成矿系列类型及其演化

中国及邻区中生代地质构造的演化主要表现为欧亚大陆东部增生和中国大陆陆缘及陆内变形作用，受特提斯一古太平洋及太平洋一印度洋两大动力学体系的控制，形成滨太平洋、特提斯和中亚3大构造域。作者在对829个典型矿床及大量测试数据进行综合分析的基础上，结合中生代成矿环境和成矿特征，将中国中生代矿床划分为3个矿床成矿系列组合和11个矿床成矿系列类型。着重论述了中国中生代矿床成矿系列类型的基本特征，并简要概括了它们的时空演化规律。     

海陆分布对海气相互作用的调控和副热带高压的形成

首先回顾了近年来关于副热带高压形成和变异研究的若干动力学进展,阐明夏季副热带“四叶型”LOS-ECOD加热分布型的内涵。在此基础上研究海陆分布对海气相互作用的调控,揭示了“四叶型”加热形成的物理基础,并进一步阐明“四叶型”加热拼图及其与副热带高压形成和变异的联系。 文章还回顾了关于副热带高压中短期变异的动力研究的最新进展。给出了影响中国江淮流域持续性降水的副热带高压三维结构的空间分布型;指出东西风带扰动的传播和高／低纬扰动的正压发展是影响副热带高压变异和中国夏季降水的一种可能机制,最后证明青藏高原夏季的强加热能激发纬向非对称不稳定发展,产生南亚高压的东／西部型双模态及准双周振荡。还证明初夏低纬的强对流降水／台风也能激发纬向非对称不稳定发展,影响西太平洋副热带高压异常和中国淮河流域的持续性降水。     

中国海区磁偏角查询与显示应用系统的设计与实现

基于高密度、高精度的实际测量数据,建立了中国海区地磁基本场数学模型,研制开发了中国海区磁偏角查询与显示应用系统,从根本上改变了只能从外版图件上手工量取磁偏角获取数据的现状。对保证船舶安全航行和保障装备的安全运行有着重大意义。     

Simulation experiments on the variation of leaf n-alkanes in aquatic environments

The leaves of six plant species and the corresponding leaf residues collected in water from the two-year simulation experiments were analyzed in nalkane distributions by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mas spectrometry (GC/MS). The leaf nalkanes keep unchanged in the dominant homologues when soaked in tap water for two years. The most significant change was observed in carbon preference index (CPI), with enhanced values being found in leaf residues collected from water. This is contradictory with the previous reports showing the lower CPI values during sinking and burial processes in natural aquatic environments. The elevated CPI values from leaf residues might be related to the low amount of microorganisms in the water used in the simulation experiment, and the enhanced solubility of even-carbon-numbered n-alkanes via van der Waals attraction. In contrast with herbaceous plants, the woody plants appear to show relatively great variations in both the CPI and the average chain length (ACL) values of n-alkanes after submerged in water for two years. Our data clearly show the differentiated decomposition between woody and herbaceous leaves, with the woody leaves suffered from much stronger decomposition. This observation suggests that in comparison with the grassland, the forest vegetation might result in relatively low authentic signals to be preserved in the n-alkane distributions in aquatic sediments.     

国际温室气体减排情景方案比较分析

在整理、介绍主要国际组织、国家、研究机构和一些学者所提出的温室气体减排情景方案、减排目标和设想的基础上,对当前国际上主要的温室气体减排情景方案的温室气体减排目标、大气温室气体浓度目标和温度控制目标进行了归纳、比较和综合分析。研究结果表明：①国际组织和主要国家对温度升高的控制目标总体以2℃为主,即到21世纪末,将大气温度控制在不高于工业革命前2℃的范围内;②国际组织和主要国家的温室气体减排方案一般都倾向于在2050年将大气温室气体浓度控制在450×10^-6~550×10^-6CO₂e（二氧化碳当量）的范围内,但各个方案中有关具体的减排责任分配、减排措施和减排量分歧仍然较大;③在确定温室气体减排目标和减排配额时,国际组织和主要国家一般都按照“共同但有区别”的原则,倾向于为发达国家制定减排目标,但也有个别方案认为发展中国家也应承担量化的减排义务。     

Digital Simulation on Convergence Tendency between Southwest Tienshan and Pamirs-West Kunlun Systems and Its Significance

The collision between India plate and Eurasia continent 55 Ma ago caused the convergence between Southwest Tienshan and Pamirs tectonic systems, and conclusions by other researchers also suggest that the convergence will continue. Studies on the collision between these systems are helpful to the knowledge of the history and the tendency of the in-land tectonics since Cenozoic and are important in science and the real world as for environment changes, resources and energy reform, and forecast of earthquakes. For this reason, by means of digital modeling, on the basis of crustal shortening rate, crustal motion rate and data of physical properties of rocks, with the help of the FE (finite element) theory-based marc software, the United States, we address on the tendency of the convergence in this area in almost 10 Ma and draw a conclusion that the converged borders move northward and stretch southeast. The Southwest Tienshan will move more slowly and suffer less deformation than the Pamirs-West Kunlun (昆仑) system. The Pamirs-West Kunlun system will rotate counterclockwise while moving northward and extending westward.     

Lower-crust S-wave velocity beneath western Yunnan Province from waveform inversion of dense seismic observations

We use teleseismic body waveforms to explore S-wave layered velocity structures beneath 30 portable digital seismic stations deployed around western Yunnan Province. Results show that the Moho depth in this region is ∼40 km and decreases in general from north to south, consistent with previous geophysical studies. Associated with this lateral variation of the Moho depth, the lower crust above the Moho discontinuity has a 15–25 km thick zone with an S-wave velocity lower than that of the upper crust. This lower velocity zone might be interpreted as a lower crust weak channel, which may mechanically partially decouple the upper-crust deformation from the underlying mantle. Thus, the inverted S-wave velocity structure could provide new evidence for the lateral flow of lower crust in the build-up of the south-eastern Tibetan plateau.