Cluster planting impact on cotton growth,yield and biomass accumulation in an arid region oasis

The cluster planting pattern(3 plants per hole) for cotton(Gossypium hirsutum L.) may increase economic yield over those of the traditional planting pattern(1 plant per hole) in arid regions of China. This increase in yield depends on either increased biomass production or greater partitioning to fruit. This study was conducted to determine whether differences in biomass accumulation or partitioning to reproductive growth contributed to higher yield in the cluster planting pattern compared with the traditional one. Growth parameters, biomass accumulation, crop growth rate and partitioning between cluster planting pattern and traditional planting pattern was compared in northwest of China. The biomass production and partitioning in cluster planting plot was higher than in traditional planting one. Biomass accumulation was faster early in the clustered treatment, and it was also higher at harvest time. Total dry matter production per unit area was significantly higher than in the traditional planting. On a per plant basis, dry matter accumulation was faster and total biomass production was significantly higher in the cluster planting pattern. Numbers of sympodia and boll sizes were also larger, indicating that facilitation among plants was promoting crop yield. The increase in yield in the cluster planting treatment occurred through increased partitioning of dry matter to fruits than in the traditional planting pattern, resulting in more bolls and increased lint yield in arid regions.     

堰塞湖沉积物粒度特征分析——以岷江上游叠溪古堰塞湖为例

对叠溪149个古堰塞湖沉积物样品作了物质组成分析、粒度参数计算和概率累积曲线的统计,结合有关资料对比分析了不同沉积环境中沉积物的粒度特征。结果显示湖相沉积上游段的沉积物主要是粉砂质砂和砂质粉砂,中游和下游段的沉积物较细,主要是黏土质粉砂和粉砂。受河流扰动的影响,湖相沉积上游段沉积物的粒径较粗,平均粒径在4～6φ之间,多为负偏度,峰态宽平,分选性差;中游和下游段的平均粒径在6～8φ之间,均为正偏度,峰态中等,沉积物的分选比上游段好。堰塞湖沉积物是由三个或四个粒度次总体组成,其中上游段沉积物含有4个次总体,中游和下游段含有3个次总体,受物源区的控制,上游段中推移总体的含量远大于中、下游段。这些特征均表明堰塞湖上游段沉积物的搬运方式和沉积环境与中、下游段明显不同。与其他环境中的沉积物相比,堰塞湖沉积物的截点偏细,跃移组分分选性最差。     

NPP-VIIRS热红外数据地表温度反演方法研究

地表温度作为监测陆地表面与大气变化的重要参数,对于研究地表能量平衡和全球气候变化具有重要作用。可见光红外成像辐射仪套件（Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite,VIIRS）是搭载在新一代对地观测卫星NPP上的一个重要传感器。与其他传感器相比,VIIRS拥有更高的空间分辨率。分裂窗算法是反演地表温度最常用的方法,主要是利用两个热红外通道来反演地表温度,经过多年的研究和改进,发展了多种形式的分裂窗算法。由于过去很少有人利用VIIRS数据对多种分裂窗算法进行对比分析,因此利用VIIRS传感器上M15和M16两个热红外通道数据计算辐亮度和星上亮温,采用多种形式的分裂窗算法反演获得多组地表温度数据,再利用海拉尔野外观测站点的实测数据对结果进行验证,对比各算法精度,得到反演精度较高的算法。结果显示PR84算法的反演误差最大达到1.8 K,其余各算法反演地表温度的RMSE都在1.5 K以内,算法中加入二次项和水汽项可以提高算法精度,其中BL95的算法精度最高达到了1.23 K。研究结果表明,BL95算法更适用于VIIRS热红外数据地表温度反演。     

L ateral Variation of Pn velocity beneath northeastern marginal region of Qinghai—Xizang plateau

Pn arrival time data are collected from the bulletins of both national and regional seismological network in China-These data are tomographically inverted to map the lateral variation and anisotropy of Pn velocity in the northeast-ern marginal region of Qinghai-Xizang plateau.The average Pn velocity in this region is 8.09km/s,being a little higher than the average for whole China,Higher velocity is found in tectonically stable Qaidam basin,while lower velocity is seen in and around tectonically active Shanxi graben.The region where the 1920 Haiyuan great earth-quake occurred shows a slightly low Pn velocity.A noticeable result is that,differing from the tectonically com-pressive Tianshan region.where Pn velocity is low,the Qilianshan region,where the Neotectonic deformation is also primarily compressive,shows high Pn velocity,In the uppermost mantle beneath the Ordos plateau Pn veloc-ity is inhomogeneous,varying from higher velocity in southwestern part to lower one in northeastern part.This may be attributed to possible movement of the Ordos block,as there are strong earthquakes all around the block.     

基于中国全球海洋预报系统(CGOFS)的全球高分辨率再分析产品评估

通过同化系统将观测资料与海洋数值模式融合得到的海洋再分析产品为海洋科学研究提供了重要的资料基础.本文采用WOA,SODA,AVISO和GLORS四种数据资料与我国自主研发的中国全球海洋预报系统(CGOFS)的气候态结果进行了对比,结果表明:CGOFS和SODA的全球海表面温度与WOA的均方根误差分别为0.51和0.43℃.CGOFS和SODA的海表面盐度与WOA的均方根误差分别为0.48和0.40 PSU;海流方面,CGOFS能较好的刻画主要大洋环流分布及赤道潜流的垂向结构;CGOFS的全球海表面高度异常与AVISO的均方根误差为0.018m;多年月平均海冰外缘线覆盖面积介于SODA和GLORS之间,海冰体积的生消规律与SODA和GLORS一致.总体来看,CGOFS全球高分辨率海洋再分析产品的气候态结果与国际同类产品基本一致,可为提升我国海洋综合科技实力提供可靠的资料保障.     

Environmental impact assessment using FORM and groundwater system reliability concept: case study Jining, China

In this paper, fist-order reliability method (FORM) is used to evaluate the impacts of uncertainties posed by traditional deterministic models on the environment in Jining, China. Because of groundwater contamination in shallow aquifer, and an increase in water demand, the new wells target the confined aquifer with constant pumping rate of 5,000 m³/d. Using Theis equation, the groundwater drawdown is analyzed to determine whether the confined aquifer will be contaminated. Although the piezometric level is higher than the phreatic level by 11.0 m, the risk of drawdown is still 19.49% when the pumping rate of 5,000 m³/d is maintained for 2 years. The deterministic model indicates a drawdown of 8.94 m which is lower than the maximum tolerance drawdown of 11.0 m. The sensitivity and uncertainty analysis reveal that the model result is more sensitive to transmissivity than specific yield, while the reliability analysis offers significant information for the decision makers. This approach exposes and minimizes the risk of undesirable consequences such as groundwater contamination.     

金属成矿省等级体制成矿

基于成矿“时间维”造就“空间维”的活动论新思维，提出了金属成矿省等级体制成矿概念，即成矿构造背“景”、成矿构造聚敛“场”、金属成矿“相”和矿“床”4个成矿等级在1个金属成矿省内的成矿作用，及其随着地质历史演化进程，通过在一定地质时期的一定地质事件，促发4个不同等级的成矿组成以一定规律发生耦合。不耦合者不成矿，一般耦合仅成一般规模矿床，最佳耦合导致巨量金属堆积，形成特大型矿床。文章以华北板块北缘及其北侧金属成矿省为例，通过成矿等级体制的有序耦合、耦合程度及其巨量金属堆积机制的研究，发现巨量金属的堆积是在一定的地质历史时期内，由一定的地质事件激发常规成矿作用发生异常“引潮共振”的结果。     

麦秸秆加筋盐渍土重型击实效果的影响因素分析

为解决因滨海盐渍土的盐胀和溶陷而引起土的强度降低问题,可采用麦秸秆加筋的方法处理盐渍土,以提高土的强度和抗变形能力。将盐渍土与一定长度和数量的防腐麦秸秆均匀拌和在一起,按照一定的碾压功将其碾压密实,此时土的含水率、麦秸秆的质量加筋率和加筋长度是影响加筋土重型击实效果的3个因素。试验结果揭示,（1）加筋土的最大干密度均小于盐渍土的,最优含水率变化不大。（2）与盐渍土一样,随着含水率的增加,加筋土的干密度先升后降。（3）随质量加筋率和加筋长度的增加,加筋土的最优含水率变化不明显,最大干密度持续下降,但降幅较小。（4）0.2%质量加筋率加筋土的干密度最大,0.3%质量加筋率的最小。（5）30 mm加筋长度加筋土的干密度最大,70 mm加筋长度的最小。建议按0.2%质量加筋率和30 mm加筋长度的防腐麦秸秆制备三轴压缩试样,以研究麦秸秆加筋滨海盐渍土的抗剪强度和应力-应变特性。     

A bounding surface model for saturated and unsaturated soil-structure interfaces

In many geotechnical systems, such as reinforced slopes and embankments, soil-structure interfaces are often unsaturated. Shear behaviour of unsaturated interfaces is strongly dependent on their matric suctions, as revealed by the results of extensive laboratory tests. So far, constitutive models for unsaturated interfaces are very limited in the literature. This paper reports a new bounding surface model for saturated and unsaturated interfaces. New formulations were developed to incorporate suction effects on the flow rule and plastic modulus. To examine the capability of the proposed model, it was applied to simulate suction- and stress-controlled direct shear tests on unsaturated soil–cement, soil–steel and soil–geotextile interfaces. Measured and computed results are well matched, demonstrating that the proposed model can well capture key features of the shear behaviour of unsaturated interfaces, including suction-dependent dilatancy, stress–strain relation and peak and critical state shear strengths.     

湖北郧西白龙洞遗址骨化石表面痕迹研究

湖北省郧西县白龙洞古人类遗址属于中更新世早期,发掘出表面带有痕迹的骨化石标本。使用肉眼裸视观察法、低倍显微观察法、高倍显微观察法、三维扫描数字模型技术等多种观测分析法进行综合研究,鉴定出痕迹种类包括人工改造痕迹和其他动物改造痕迹。人工改造痕迹包括锤击痕迹、切割痕迹、砍斫痕迹、戳刺痕迹等,其中锤击痕迹主要出现在骨器表面(用于骨器制造),其他痕迹则出现在多种骨骼部位的残片上(可能由狩猎、屠宰、分割和剥皮行为产生)。动物改造痕迹包括食肉目动物啃咬痕、偶蹄目动物踩踏痕、啮齿目动物啃咬痕等。其中制造啃咬痕的啮齿目动物中,可能包括有豪猪、竹鼠和鼠科动物等。人工改造痕迹的研究对认识当时人行为模式提供了具体证据,如当时人对洞穴占据使用形式、骨质工具制造与使用、狩猎与分食行为(狩猎工具与剥皮技巧)等。本研究对其他动物改造痕迹也作了必要分析,如豪猪与鼠科动物的不同啃啮形态等。该遗址研究、鉴定出的多种痕迹标本,以及多种鉴定、分析方法的使用等,显示出古人类遗址中痕迹标本的复杂性,以及多种研究方法的必要性。三维扫描数字模型技术,是国内在该领域研究方法中的首次使用。