放射性氡气测量动态监测煤炭地下气化燃空区

煤炭地下气化是将地下的煤炭进行有控制的燃烧,为了使煤的燃烧和气化得到有效的控制,了解燃烧的火焰工作面的移动速度以及燃空区的范围是致关重要的.唐山刘庄煤矿地下气化区的试验中,分析了放射性测氡法在进行煤炭地下气化监测中确定燃烧火焰工作面的移动速度及以燃空区范围的可行性和有效性,从而提出一些建议.     

A National Key R&D Program: Technologies and Guidelines for Monitoring Ecological Quality of Terrestrial Ecosystems in China

Ecological quality is defined as the stability, adaptability and resilience of an ecosystem. Monitoring and assessing ecological quality are important bases for China's ecological civilization construction. The national key research and development program “Technologies and guidelines for monitoring ecological quality of terrestrial ecosystems in China”, launched in July 2017, includes plans to study the observation technologies and provide guidelines on the ecological in-situ observation, the regional biodiversity and ecosystem function monitoring and its applications, all of which contribute to national ecological quality assessment. A year after its implementation, some important progress has been achieved, such as building the indicator system for comprehensive monitoring of ecological quality and improvement of the methods, mass data transmission, infrared camera-based monitoring of biodiversity, multi-angle automatic spectral observation systems, and unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) based desert monitoring. We have organized this special issue and attempted to introduce the monitoring techniques and assessment methods on ecological quality from different perspectives in order to further promote the development of ecology and its observation methods.     

三氯乙烯污染土壤的复电阻率特征和频谱参数研究

复电阻率法(complex resistivity, CR)由于其对孔隙水化学性质、固-液界面和流体含量的敏感性已成为具有良好前景的污染物识别工具。本研究选取三氯乙烯(trichloroethylene, TCE)作为典型有机污染物,利用频谱激电仪对TCE污染土壤进行了复电阻率测量,讨论孔隙水盐度、水饱和度和土壤类型对污染土壤的复电阻率特征和频谱参数影响。试验结果表明:污染土样的复电阻率均随水饱和度的降低和孔隙水盐度的减小而增大;土壤黏土含量影响孔隙水连续性,当孔隙水出现不连续状态时,实部和虚部出现大幅度变化。总充电率M随着孔隙水盐度的增加而增加,随水饱和度的降低先减后增。黏土颗粒重排导致的比表面积减小使得总充电率M减小,双电层极化加强使总充电率M升高;平均弛豫时间常数随孔隙水盐度的升高而降低,二者呈对数相关,随水饱和度变化的主要原因为可极化孔隙尺寸的变化。本研究探讨了地球物理参数与水文地质参数间的关系,为SIP方法在实际有机污染场地调查与评估提供了理论依据。     

一个简单的热带有限区资料四维同化方案

根据广州区域气象中心热带有限区数值天气预报的条件和特点,设计了一个简单可行的四维同化方案,并通过模式平行试验,详细地分析了该方案对分析和预报的改进情况,表明该方案可以得到一个较为平衡而又与模式大气状态近于协调一致的分析场,大大缩短了模式的Spin—up时间和减小了积分初期模式调整的幅度,从而改进了预报结果。这种改进在资料稀疏区比资料密集区要大得多。通过四维同化,模式的高度场预报、风场预报、质量场及总动能在积分过程中的演变等都得到了令人满意的改进。通过在同化过程中区别对待20°N以南的资料稀疏区及其以北的资料密集区,进一步使模式降水预报得到显著的改进。     

四川省若干治水方案的分析和讨论

归纳了四川省治理干旱的４种方法：工程治水、生态治水、环境治水和农业治水,并对其进行了评价分析。最后,提出了治水的综合建议。     

BACKGROUND VALUES AND TREND DISTRIBUTION OF Cu, Zn AND Ni IN SOILS IN CHINA

The background values of Cu, Zn and Ni are discussed based on the analytical data of 21 main soil types collected from various regions in China. According to statistics of many samples, the background value of Cu is 23.4±10.2 mg/ kg (482 samples), Zn 77.9±2.39 mg/ kg (474 samples), Ni 30.0±12.8 mg/kg (482 samples).     

融安县金柑大小年结果的气候成因与对策

通过找出金柑结果大小年变异的年份, 分析两种类型年份间的气象条件, 得出金柑第一次开花花芽分化阶段出现长期低温天气和开花、果实膨大时期遇高温、干旱天气是造成融安县金柑小年结果的气候原因, 并提出相应的生产对策     

煤矿地质灾害的弹性波探测技术

断层、老窑、陷落柱和煤层缺失等地质异常是煤矿潜在的地质灾害,因地质异常不清造成事故和生产停顿的事,在煤矿时有发生。我们根据弹性波对不同地质体之间密度和波传播速度等物性差异的敏感性,分析了纵波、横波、瑞利波和槽波在地层中的传播特性,研究了弹性波地震探测技术。包括探测仪器研制、资料采集和数据处理技术研究。并应用该技术从地面、井下巷道和工作面侧壁,在许多煤矿进行地质异常探测试验,取得明显效果,为煤矿建井、掘进和开采提供了可靠的地质保障,并为煤矿装备了有力的探测手段。     

A STUDY OF NUMERICAL MODELLING ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF DEPRESSIONS IN THE SOUTH CHINA SEA

The comparison analyses between two tropical depressions in the South China Sea are completed by numerical ex-periments with a limited area model developed in Guangzhou Institute of Tropical and Oceanic Meteorology. One of thedepressions develops and finally becomes a typhoon within 24 hours of the analyzing period (defined as DVD hereafter),and the other not (defined as UNDVD) The analyses show that their initial structures of temperature, humidity, pres-sure. wind and stability are obviously different from each other. There are a very deep wet layer and a clear warm-coredstructure in the mid-lower troposphere in the depression area in the DVD case, but with the warm core in the upperrather than lower troposphere arid a very shallow wet layer in the lower troposphere in the depression area in theUNDVD case. The developing and non-developing processes are successfully simulated by the model, showing that theCISK mechanism plays the most important role in the development of SCSDs (Tropical Depressions in the South ChinaSea). Several numerical experiments show that the structures of humidity and temperature in the depression area haveimportant effect on the development of SCSDs. It is favourable to the development of SCSDs when a very deep wet layerexists in the mid-lower troposphere or a warm-cored structure exists in the mid-lower troposphere instead of in uppertroposphere, and conversely, it is unfavourable to the development of SCSDs when the wet layer is very shallow in thelower troposphere or the warm-cored structure is in the upper troposphere rather than in mid-lower troposphere. Thestructures of stability for each case are also analysed, which shows evident differences between the two cases, with adeeper instability layer in the DVD case and a shallower one in the UNDVD case. Finally, the sensitivity of the devel-opment of the SCSDs to the vertical structures of humidity and temperature in the depression area is discussed.     

基于多源数据的近50 a玛纳斯河流域冰川变化分析

我国新疆玛纳斯河流域的冰川变化极大影响流域内及其周边地区的经济社会发展.使用国产高分一号(GF-1)遥感影像和Landsat8数据,分别通过基于多源数据的冰川识别方法和波段比值法获取了2013年玛纳斯河流域冰川信息,结合玛纳斯河流域第一次(1964年)、第二次(2009年)冰川编目数据与1998年、2003年TM影像冰川目视解译结果等四期的冰川边界矢量数据,对玛纳斯河流域1964-2013年50 a来的冰川变化特征进行了综合分析.研究结果显示:玛纳斯河流域冰川自2009年以来有略微增加的趋势,2013年冰川面积比2009年增加了10.25 km²,这在一定程度上抑制了长期以来冰川的快速消融;1964-2013年,玛纳斯河流域的冰川总体呈减少趋势;冰川面积从1964年的673.61 km²减少到2013年的512.07 km²,面积减少161.54 km²,减少23.98%;近50 a来,流域内冰川面积在海拔4500 m及以上呈净增加趋势,而在海拔4500 m以下呈净减少趋势,冰川在海拔(4000±100) m左右退缩的速率最大,高达0.5 km²·a^-1;冰川面积的减少主要体现为大量的冰舌后退和小面积冰川的快速消融,超过85%的冰川冰舌后退距离在200 m以上;该流域的冰川变化主要集中在南、北两个坡向,在南坡向上出现明显的先减少和后增加的变化趋势;1964-2013年,玛纳斯河流域的气温和降水量呈较明显的增加趋势,线性增加率分别为0.26℃·(10a)^-1和16.07 mm·(10a)^-1.研究结果表明气温的持续升高和降水量的增加分别是导致玛纳斯河流域冰川减少期和增加期形成的主要原因.