CRUSTAL ANISOTROPY AND ITS TECTONIC IMPLICATIONS IN THE CHONGQING REGION

The receiver function which carries the information of crustal materials is often used to study the shear-wave velocity of the crust as well as the crustal anisotropy. However, because of the low signal-to-noise ratio in Pms(P-to-S converted phase from the Moho), the crustal anisotropy obtained by shear-wave splitting technique for a single receiver function usually has large errors in general. Recent advance in the analysis method based on Pms arrival time varying with the back-azimuth change can effectively overcome the above defects. Thus in this paper, we utilize the azimuth variations of the Pms to study the crustal anisotropy in Chongqing region for the first time. According to the earthquake catalogue provided by USGS, seismic waveform of earthquakes with magnitude larger than 5.5 and epicenter distance range of 30°~90° between January 2015 and December 2016 are collected from 14 broadband seismic stations of Chongqing seismic network. We carry out the bootstrap resampling to test the reliability of the radial maximum energy method for the observation data. In addition, we also applied the receiver function H-Kappa analysis in this paper to study the crustal thickness and Poisson's ratio. Our results show the crustal thickness ranges from 40~50km, and there is a thin and thick crust in the southern and northern Chongqing, respectively. The crustal average Poisson's ratio ranges from 0.23~0.31, the Poisson's ratio reaches the maximum value in the central part of Chongqing, while the Poisson's ratio in the northern and southern parts of Chongqing is obviously low. We obtain the crustal anisotropy from 9 stations in total. The delay time of crustal anisotropy distributes between 0.08s and 0.48s, with the average value of 0.22s. Among them, the CHS, QIJ and WAZ stations in central Chongqing have relatively large crustal delay time(>0.3s), followed by ROC station in the western Chongqing(0.25s), while the delay time in CHK station in northern Chongqing and WAS station in southern Chongqing are 0.08s, showing relatively weak crustal anisotropy. The fast polarization directions(FPDs)also change obviously from south to north. In southern Chongqing, FPDs are dominant in NNE-SSW and NEE-SWW, while the FPDs in WAZ station change to NWW-SEE, and the FPDs appear to be NW-SE in CHK in the northern Chongqing. In general, the FPDs are sub-parallel to the strikes of faults in most areas of Chongqing areas. Combined with other results from GPS observations, tectonic stress field and XKS splitting measurements, the main conclusions can be suggested as following:The cracks preferred orientation in the upper crust is not the main source of crustal anisotropy in Chongqing area. The crust and lithospheric upper mantle in the eastern Sichuan fold belt(ESFB)and Sichuan-Guizhou fault fold belt(SGFFB)are decoupled, and the deformation characteristics in the north and south parts of ESFB and SGFFB is different. The complex tectonic deformation may exist beneath the mountain-basin boundary, causing the fast directions of crustal anisotropy different from that in other areas of ESFB and SGFFB. The faults with different strikes may weaken the strength of average crustal anisotropy in some areas. The crustal deformation in southern Dabashan nappe belt(DNB)may be mainly controlled by the fault structure.     

Ferrifayalite-bearing eulysite from Archaean granulites in Qianan county,Hebei, North China

Summary A meta-ironstone, composed essentially of eulite, almandine and quartz, and locally containing ferrifayalite (Fe_4–x (SiO₄)₂), magnetite, clinopyroxene, biotite, graphite and plagioclase, was discovered at Louzi Mountain, Qianan, Eastern Hebei province, China. Its parent in terms of bulk rock chemistry is probably a Fe-rich sediment. The mineral chemistry and the distribution coefficient of Fe²⁺ and Mg between coexisting ferromagnesian minerals are defined, and also the inferared and Mössbauer spectra. According to the two-pyroxene geothermometers ofWood andBanno (1973),Saxena (1976), andWells (1977), the equilibrium crystallization temperature of the rock was about 750°C, and the pressure according toWood's method (1974) is about 13 kb at that temperature. It is implied that the rock has undergone granulite facies metamorphism.

---

Ferrifayalit-führender Eulysit aus archäischen Granuliten in Qianan, Provinz Hebei, Nord-China

Zusammenfassung Eisenreiche Metasedimente wurden im Gebiet des Mt. Louzi, Qianan, im östlichen Teil der Provinz Hebei, China, entdeckt. Diese bestehen aus Eulite, Almandin und Quarz und führen lokal Ferrifayalit (Fe_4–x (SiO₄)₂), Magnetit, Klinopyroxen, Biotit, Graphit und Plagioklas. Der Gesamtgesteinschemismus weist darauf hin, daß das Ausgangsmaterial ein Fe-reiches Sediment war. Die Zusammensetzung der Minerale und die Verteilungs-Koeffizienten von Fe²⁺ und Mg zwischen koexistierenden ferromagnetischen Mineralen wurden bestimmt. Zu diesen Daten kommen die Ergebnisse von Infrarot- und Mössbauer-Spektroskopie. Anwendung des Zwei-Pyroxen-Geothermometers nachWood undBanno (1973),Saxena (1976) undWells (1977) ergab Gleichgewichts-Kristallisations-Temperaturen von ca. 750°C. Der Druck (nachWood, 1974) wurde mit 13 kb bestimmt. Dies weist darauf hin, daß die Metasedimente unter Bedingungen der Granulit-Fazies metamorphosiert wurden.

---

---

With 17 Figures     

多媒体时代的地图复制技术

多媒体技术的出现，使地图复制技术进入了多媒体的时代。本文与传统复制方法相对照，阐述了当今技术条件下，复制原图的特点和复制方法以及各种复制方法的应用范围。     

新疆柴窝堡盆地保湖供水方案优化设计

对乌鲁木齐河流域柴窝堡盆地的地下水资源进行科学管理，主要进行了保湖供水方案的优化设计，从技术角度提出了一个最佳的地下水资源开采方案，旨在为该地区水资源综合利用提供科学依据     

玲珑花岗质杂岩的时代、空间形态、源岩及其数学模拟

玲珑花岗质杂岩体是一个具有长期演化历史，多次改造重熔的复式岩体，与金矿化有关的郭家店型，郭家岭型岩体分别定位于燕山早期及燕山晚期。通过１６条重磁剖面反演获知，玲珑花岗质杂岩体是一个以郭家店为重熔中心，向北呈低角度超覆、向南与围岩呈高角度接触的箕状岩体，８６％以上的金矿赋存在岩体厚度小于４ｋｍ的区域中。     

三种机器学习方法在广东雷暴大风自动识别的应用效果评估

基于2012—2019年自动站雷暴大风观测实况和对应雷达回波,利用传统机器学习方法(决策树)和深度学习方法(CNN、YOLO)等三种机器学习方法分别建立雷暴大风自动识别模型。根据广东雷暴大风回波特征,选取50 dBZ高度、反射率因子强度梯度等5个回波参量作为决策树的特征因子;将1～9 km高度的雷达回波分为11层,作为YOLOv3的输入层,使其由原3个特征层扩展到11层,训练优化后的YOLOv3可更合理刻画雷暴大风的空间结构特征。经批量测试和业务试运行试验,检验结果表明：三种模型中基于决策树的模型虚警最高,基于CNN的模型漏报最多,基于YOLO的模型识别效果最好,其POD和CSI均最高。通过对广东2020年汛期5次系统性和5次局地性雷暴大风过程进行分类型自动识别效果评估,并选取任意天气下长达30天连续时段进行不间断识别检验,结果表明该算法对于不同类型的雷暴大风均有较好的识别能力,具备业务化应用前景。     

Merging science into community adaptation planning processes: a cross-site comparison of four distinct areas of the Lower Mekong Basin

Climate change is increasingly affecting rural areas worldwide. The Lower Mekong Basin (LMB) is at particular risk due to heat stress, changing rainfall patterns, rising sea levels, and more frequent and extreme climatic events. It is imperative that local-level adaptation plans are developed in a manner that builds resilience to these growing threats. Strategies for developing adaptation plans tend to comprise predominantly science-led or predominantly community-led processes. This study examines an approach that balances inputs from both processes in characterizing community vulnerability as a component of the adaptation planning workflow. Evaluation sites are located within four distinct sub-regions of the LMB: the Vietnam Mekong Delta, the Annamite Mountains of Lao PDR, the Cambodia central lowlands, and the mid-elevation forests of northern Thailand. Our results indicate that by merging science-based data with community-level perspective, knowledge gaps from both sides are filled and a more comprehensive understanding of vulnerability is factored into adaptation planning.     

全球变化科学的进展

全球变化科学对揭示和理解人类赖以生存的地球系统运转的机制、变化规律及人类活动对地球表层环境系统的影响具有重要的意义。从深海氧同位素曲线的建立与米兰科维奇理论的发展、高分辨率冰芯记录的研究、短周期气候变化、突变事件的发现、南北半球古气候对比的研究以及我国学者对过去全球变化研究的贡献等角度论述了地球环境变化历史的研究进展；并在对温室效应和全球气候变暖、臭氧洞、土地利用和土地覆盖的变化以及水资源等研究和现代观测资料分析的基础上，阐述了人类活动对地球环境的影响；提出了当前全球变化科学研究的发展趋势以及在新世纪全球变化科学所面临的挑战。     

农村学校撤并后规模约束对学校优化布局的影响——以北京延庆区为例

在城镇化和农村人口减少的背景下,中国农村地区大量学校撤并,如何优化学校布局成为研究的重点。2008年原建设部发布了农村学校的最小和最大学生规模标准,但该标准对学校布局的影响尚缺乏研究。本文在包含最大距离约束的P-中值模型中增加了学校规模约束,构建了学校布局优化模型,并以北京延庆区小学布局为例,采用分支界定算法进行了求解。结果表明：实施学校规模标准化对学校优化选址有显著的影响,在优化模型中加入学校规模约束后,有65.22%的学校位置发生了改变,呈更加分散型布局;但在乡镇尺度下考察,学校的空间格局则基本未发生变化;学校规模标准化带来的距离增长较小,平均每个学生上学距离仅增长了135 m。并根据结果进一步讨论了研究结果对学校布局优化的政策启示。