Observed characteristics of tidal currents and mean flow in the northern Yellow Sea

Several bottom-mounted Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler(ADCP) moorings were deployed in the northern Yellow Sea(NYS) during the four seasons of 2006–2007 and also the summertime of2009. A synthesis analysis on the time-continuous records was performed to examine the characteristics and variations of tidal currents and mean flow over the observation period at these stations. Tidal currents accounted for ～75% of the total kinetic energy, with the absolute dominance of M 2 constituent. Visible vertical variations of tidal flow were found on all sites, featured by the decrease of amplitude, increase of rotation rate as well as a decreasing trend of the phase for M 2 component with depth. A notable exception was in the central NYS, where the maximum tidal currents occurred in the upper or middle layers(～20–40 m) instead of near the surface(10 m). The observed mean flow was relatively weak, smaller than15 cm/s. Velocity on the northern end of Yellow Sea Trough(YST) was characterized by low magnitude and an obvious layered structure vertically. In the Bohai Strait(BS) and the northern slope area, the currents weakened and the flow direction presented a major trend to deflect counterclockwise with depth in most observations. Summertime cyclonic circulation around the Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass(YSCWM), its intensification on the frontal zone and the Yellow Sea Warm Current(YSWC) for the winter season were all evident by our direct current measurements. However, the details of water exchange through the BS appeared partly dif ferent from the traditionally-accepted pattern. The vertical dif ferences of tidal and meanflow were larger in summer than that in winter, implying the influence of thermal structure to the local currents. Af fected by the water stratification, mean flow usually reached its maximum near the thermocline in spring and summer, while showing a nearly uniform vertical distribution during winter.     

A magnetically driven origin for the low luminosity GRB 170817A associated with GW170817

The gamma-ray burst GR170817 A associated with GW170817 is subluminous and subenergetic compared with other typical short gamma-ray bursts. It may be due to a relativistic jet viewed off-axis, or a structured jet or cocoon emission. Giant flares from magnetars may possibly be ruled out.However, the luminosity and energetics of GRB 170817 A are coincident with those of magnetar giant flares. After the coalescence of a binary neutron star, a hypermassive neutron star may be formed. The hypermassive neutron star may have a magnetar-strength magnetic field. During the collapse of this hypermassive neutron star, magnetic field energy will also be released. This giant-flare-like event may explain the luminosity and energetics of GRB 170817 A. Bursts with similar luminosity and energetics are expected in future neutron star-neutron star or neutron star-black hole mergers.     

水域地震映像在火成岩发育区的应用与探讨——以厦门某海底隧道勘察为靶区

以厦门某海底隧道勘察为靶区,采用电磁气泡震源系统激发地震波,在火成岩发育区进行水域地震映像实验,较好地查明了海底水深界面、淤泥（砂层）和基岩面的分界线。实验结果表明,水域地震映像法对海域火成岩发育区是一种有效的物探方法,可以为海域地质勘察提供可靠的地质参考依据;利用水域地震映像勘探既可以较好地弥补钻探缺陷,又能极大地节约经济成本。     

Snow cover influences the thermal regime of active layer in Urumqi River Source,Tianshan Mountains,China

Snow cover is characterized by the high albedo, low thermal conductivity, and notable heat transition during phase changes. Thus, snow cover significantly affects the ground thermal regime. A comparison of the snow cover in high latitudes or high-altitude snowy mountain regions indicates that the eastern Tianshan Mountains (China) show a characteristically thin snow cover (snow depth below 15 cm) with remarkable temporal variability. Based on snow depth, heat flux, and ground temperature from 2014 to 2015 in the Urumqi River source, the spatialtemporal characteristics of snow cover and snow cover influences on the thermal conditions of active layer in the permafrost area were analyzed. During the autumn (Sept. - Oct.), thin and discontinuous snow cover can noticeably accelerate the exothermic process of the ground, producing a cooling effect on the shallow soil. During the winter (Nov. - Mar.), it is inferred that the effective thermal insulation starts with snow depth exceeding 10 cm during early winter. However, the snow depth in this area is generally below 15 cm, and the resulting snow-induced thermal insulation during the winter is very limited. Due to common heavy snowfalls in the spring (Apr. to May), the monthly mean snow thickness in April reached to 15 cm and remained until mid-May. Snow cover during the spring significantly retarded the ground warming. Broadly, snow cover in the study area exerts a cooling effect on the active layer and plays a positive role in the development and preservation of permafrost.     

Gravitational Waves and Gravitational-wave Sourcestwo

The recent discovery of gravitational-wave burst GW150914 marks the coming of a new era of gravitational-wave astronomy, which provides a new window to study the physics of strong gravitational field, extremely massive stars, extremely high energy processes, and extremely early universe. In this article, we introduce the basic characters of gravitational waves in the Einstein's general relativity, their observational effects and main generation mechanisms, including the rotation of neutron stars, evolution of binary systems, and spontaneous generation in the inflation universe. Different sources produce the gravitational waves at quite different frequencies, which can be detected by different methods. In the lowest frequency range (f < 10^?15 Hz), the detection is mainly dependent of the observation of B-mode polarization of cosmic microwave background radiation. In the middle frequency range (10^?9 < f < 10^?6 Hz), the gravitational waves are detected by analyzing the timing residuals of millisecond pulsars. And in the high frequency range (10 ? 4 < f < 10⁴ Hz), they can be detected by the space-based and ground-based laser interferometers. In particular, we focus on the main features, detection methods, detection status, and the future prospects for several important sources, including the continuous sources (e.g., the spinning neutron stars, and stable binary systems), the burst sources (e.g., the supernovae, and the merge of binary system), and the stochastic backgrounds generated by the astrophysical and cosmological process. In addition, we forecast the potential breakthroughs in gravitational-wave astronomy in the near future, and the Chinese projects which might involve in these discoveries.     

吉林省和龙地区鸡南BIF型铁矿床含矿建造地球化学特征及形成时代

鸡南铁矿床位于吉林省和龙地区,地处华北克拉通北缘与兴蒙造山带接壤的龙岗地块北部,是东北地区发现较早的BIF型铁矿床之一。该矿床铁矿体主要呈层状、似层状、扁豆状赋存于鞍山群鸡南组上段中部层位,含矿岩石以黑云斜长片麻岩、角闪黑云斜长片麻岩、黑云角闪斜长片麻岩及斜长角闪岩为主,为角闪岩相的中低级区域变质岩系;主要矿石类型为条带状磁铁石英岩型和块状磁铁角闪岩型。为确定该矿床含矿建造的原岩、变质时代及构造背景,重点对含矿岩系中的斜长角闪岩进行了岩石地球化学和锆石U-Pb年代学研究。结果表明：斜长角闪岩的地球化学特征表现为富集大离子亲石元素、轻微富集重稀土元素;主量元素质量分数与中性-基性岩类基本相似,结合原岩恢复图解,判断其原岩类型为亚碱性玄武岩（拉斑玄武岩）,形成于弧后盆地背景;LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年代学研究中,2个较老的锆石测点年龄分别为（2 468±15）和（2 469±9）Ma,代表区内峰期变质年龄（约2 460 Ma）,26个锆石测点的测年数据较为集中,加权平均年龄为（2 275±25）Ma,代表区内退变质年龄。通过与国内外典型BIF型铁矿床的对比研究认为,区内的鸡南铁矿与官地铁矿同属Algoma型铁矿床。     

LA-ICP-MS原位分析白钨矿稀土元素

白钨矿是各类矿床中较为常见的副矿物,通过分析白钨矿的稀土元素质量分数及其标准化配分模式图,可为矿床成矿流体特征及演化提供重要的判别依据。本文对东北地区羊鼻山矽卡岩型矿床和杨金沟热液脉型矿床两个典型钨矿床的白钨矿样品中的稀土元素进行了激光剥蚀-电感耦合等离子体质谱（LA-ICP-MS）原位分析。其中：羊鼻山矽卡岩型矿床白钨矿LA-ICP-MS分析方法所获得的稀土元素配分曲线模式与前人用传统的溶液-ICP-MS分析方法所获得的结果完全吻合,表明采用剥蚀束斑44 μm和剥蚀频率7 Hz的193 nm ArF激光器,NIST 610作外部标样,Ca作内标元素,对基体效应影响最小,所获数据可靠,方法可行;而杨金沟热液脉型矿床白钨矿溶液-ICP-MS分析方法与LA-ICP-MS分析法所获得结果既具有相似性又具有差异性。原因在于羊鼻山白钨矿的成因类型为矽卡岩型、粒度较小且形成时间短,因此不同矿物颗粒间、同一矿物不同部位间稀土元素的配分模式一致;而杨金沟白钨矿的成因类型属于热液脉型、粒度较大、沉淀结晶时间长,因此同一矿物不同部位的稀土元素的配分模式因成矿流体早晚阶段不同而不同。基于以上对比研究发现,无论是在取样和测试过程方面,还是数据准确度方面,相比传统溶液-ICP-MS分析法,LA-ICP-MS原位分析法均具有明显的优势,主要表现在样品形式简单、粒度和质量分数要求低、测试周期短、费用低且结果精确度高;同时其可对不同成矿阶段或白钨矿不同部位成分进行精细测定,从而得出不同成矿阶段或白钨矿不同部位的稀土元素质量分数,以及在更高的空间分辨率下获得更详细准确的数据信息。此外,对白钨矿（尤其是无明显环带者）进行LA-ICP-MS原位分析时,既可采用电子探针微量分析（EPMA）准确测定Ca的质量分数,也可直接采用标准化学式计算Ca的质量分数,分析所得数据同样可以获得合理的地质解释。     

Improved discrete element modeling for proppant embedment into rock surfaces

Brinell indentation tests were performed on Montney siltstone, and the results were compared with discrete element indentation simulations that use the micro-parameters calibrated using compression test data from the same siltstone samples. The simulated proppant indentation into the rock surface can be 15% less than the laboratory measurements. A lower effective particle–particle modulus and thus a lower Young’s modulus are needed in discrete element models for proper simulation of indentation. An equation to find the appropriate value of Young’s modulus for indentation simulation is proposed using Brinell indentation tests including 198 laboratory tests and 32 discrete element simulations. This equation can improve the prediction of Young’s modulus and thus the particle–particle effective modulus for indentation simulations to match the measured force–indentation depth curve in the laboratory. Using the improved micro-parameters, a parametric analysis of the influence of rock Young’s modulus and proppant particle size on proppant embedment was performed. An equation to estimate Brinell hardness as a function of Young’s modulus and closure stress was derived. A practical procedure was developed to predict proppant embedment from the estimated hardness. The predictions agree with the laboratory measurements in a case study on the Montney Formation.

     

基于贴近摄影测量技术的高位崩塌早期识别技术方法研究

高位崩塌具有地面高差大、突发性强等特点,难以对其做出准确的预警预报,因此开展高位崩塌早期识别对防灾减灾意义重大。依靠人工对高位崩塌进行实地调查难度大、效率低,容易存在调查盲区,现有调查技术手段难以有效获取岩体结构面产状、节理组合特征和裂隙几何特征等关键参数。为此,将贴近摄影测量高分辨率和“多角度”探测技术优势应用于高位崩塌早期识别,并以康定县郭达山高位崩塌为例,总结归纳了该技术方法的具体应用流程,可为地质灾害调查和高位崩塌早期识别提供一定的参考与借鉴。研究结果表明: 基于贴近摄影测量技术能够识别岩体亚厘米级裂缝,尤其适用于高位崩塌调查和早期识别工作,已取得显著成效; 在高精度三维实景模型基础上,基于空间解析几何理论,应用“三点法”能够有效获取岩体单体结构面产状。     

副热带太平洋海气变异对ENSO影响的研究进展和展望

El Niño-Southern Oscillation（ENSO）是热带太平洋海气作用最强的年际信号,其变化会引起全球气候异常,对东亚季风具有重要影响。2000年后中部型El Niño频繁发生,掀起了ENSO多样性研究热潮;El Niño的复杂性也对ENSO理论研究和预测提出了新的挑战。为进一步理解并深入研究ENSO物理机制,本文总结了近年来对两类ENSO的最新认识;特别对副热带太平洋通过海气界面“大气桥”和太平洋副热带-热带经向环流圈的内部经向翻转环流这一“海洋通道”与热带太平洋建立联系的相关成果进行了阐述,并对存在的关键问题进行了展望。